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Multiple herbicide classes–resistant (MHCR) kochia poses a serious concern for producers in the Central Great Plains, including western Kansas. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted at Kansas State University Research and Extension Centers near Hays and Garden City, KS, to evaluate pyridate-based postemergence herbicide mixtures for controlling MHCR kochia. One previously confirmed MHCR population (resistant to atrazine, glyphosate, dicamba, and fluroxypyr) and a susceptible (SUS) kochia population were tested in a greenhouse study. The kochia population at Hays field site was resistant to atrazine, dicamba, and glyphosate, whereas the kochia population at the Garden City site was resistant to atrazine and glyphosate. Colby’s analysis revealed synergistic interactions when pyridate was mixed with atrazine, dicamba, dichlorprop-p, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, or halauxifen/fluroxypyr and resulted in ≥94% control and shoot dry-biomass reduction of MHCR kochia in a greenhouse study. Similarly, synergistic interactions were observed for MHCR kochia control in fallow field studies at both sites when pyridate was mixed with glyphosate or atrazine. Kochia control was increased from 26% to 90% with the application of glyphosate + pyridate and from 28% to 95% with atrazine + pyridate at both sites as compared to separate applications of glyphosate or atrazine. This is the first report for such a strong synergistic effect for both glyphosate and atrazine mixtures with pyridate on a weed resistant to both. All other pyridate-based herbicide mixtures showed an additive interaction and resulted in better control of MHCR kochia (87% to 100%) as compared to their individual applications (23% to 92%) across both sites except 2,4-D. These results suggest that pyridate can play a crucial role in various postemergence herbicide mixtures for effective control of MHCR kochia.

Multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) kochia is a serious concern in the U.S. Great Plains and warrants alternative herbicide mixtures for its control. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted at Kansas State University research and extension centers near Hays and Garden City, KS, to investigate the interactions of 2,4-D, dichlorprop-p, dicamba, and halauxifen/ fluroxypyr premix in various combinations for MHR kochia control. Two previously confirmed MHR (resistant to glyphosate, dicamba, and fluroxypyr) populations and a susceptible population were tested in a greenhouse study. Kochia at the Hays field site was resistant to glyphosate and chlorsulfuron, whereas the population at Garden City was resistant to glyphosate, dicamba, and fluroxypyr. Results from a greenhouse study indicated that 2,4-D, dicamba, dichlorprop-p, and a halauxifen/fluroxypyr premix provided 26% to 69% control of both MHR populations at 28 d after treatment (DAT). However, the control increased to 85% to 97% when these herbicides were applied in three-way mixtures. Synergistic interactions were observed when dicamba was mixed with dichlorprop-p, 2,4-D, dichlorprop-p +2,4-D, and halauxifen/fluroxypyr +2,4-D for shoot dry weight reductions (86% to 92%) of both MHR populations. Results from a field study also indicated synergistic interactions when dicamba was mixed with dichlorprop-p +2,4-D, halauxifen/fluroxypyr +dichlorprop-p, and halauxifen/fluroxypyr +2,4-D, resulting in 84% to 95% control of MHR kochia at 28 DAT across both sites. These results indicate that synergistic effects of mixing dicamba with other auxinic herbicides in two- or three-way mixtures can help control MHR kochia. Nomenclature: Atrazine; dicamba; dichlorprop-p; halauxifen/ fluroxypyr; glyphosate; 2,4-D; kochia, Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott

When Robert L. Scott passed away on Jul 26, 2018, the field of rhetorical studies lost one of its few remaining intellectual giants. Here, Medhurst shares his first encounter of Robert L. Scott's name.

A tribute to Robert L. Scott is presented.

The recent demise of Robert L. Scott may sadden readers. Here, Brummett writes about Scott's life, not death, and about proprietary and leadership, not bad behavior.

Robert L. Scott was a man of many qualities and interests. He was born on Apr 19, 1928 and died on Jul 26, 2018. During his life he performed as a musician, he invited faculty and scholars to enjoy his house and park-size lawn overlooking the Mississippi, and he was an outstanding scholar and teacher, an author, coauthor, coeditor of five books, and he published some 50 journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers. He received the Distinguished Scholar Award from the National Communication Association, and his name is on the Major Disciplinary Awards Panel on the Scholars Walk at the University of Minnesota. Here, Campbell talks about how Scott urged her to pursue graduate work in the department that he was joining.

Pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) refers to the transfer of genetic information (alleles) from one plant to another compatible plant. With the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds, PMGF plays an important role in the transfer of resistance alleles from HR to susceptible weeds; however, little attention is given to this topic. The objective of this work was to review reproductive biology, PMGF studies, and interspecific hybridization, as well as potential for herbicide resistance alleles to transfer in the economically important broadleaf weeds including common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, horseweed, kochia, Palmer amaranth, and waterhemp. The PMGF studies involving these species reveal that transfer of herbicide resistance alleles routinely occurs under field conditions and is influenced by several factors, such as reproductive biology, environment, and production practices. Interspecific hybridization studies within Amaranthus and Ambrosia spp. show that herbicide resistance allele transfer is possible between species of the same genus but at relatively low levels. The widespread occurrence of HR weed populations and high genetic diversity is at least partly due to PMGF, particularly in dioecious species such as Palmer amaranth and waterhemp compared with monoecious species such as common lambsquarters and horseweed. Prolific pollen production in giant ragweed contributes to PMGF. Kochia, a wind-pollinated species can efficiently disseminate herbicide resistance alleles via both PMGF and tumbleweed seed dispersal, resulting in widespread occurrence of multiple HR kochia populations. The findings from this review verify that intra- and interspecific gene flow can occur and, even at a low rate, could contribute to the rapid spread of herbicide resistance alleles. More research is needed to determine the role of PMGF in transferring multiple herbicide resistance alleles at the landscape level. Nomenclature: Common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L.; giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L.; horseweed, Erigeron canadensis (L.) Cronquist; kochia, Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson.; waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer

A prelaunch survey of broadleaf weeds was conducted to predict the weed management efficacy of a novel genetically engineered sugar beet with resistance traits for glyphosate, dicamba, and glufosinate. We targeted problematic broadleaf weed species prevalent in sugar beet fields, including kochia, common lambsquarters, Palmer amaranth, and redroot pigweed in Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The results revealed that a significant percentage of kochia populations in Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming exhibited resistance to glyphosate (94%, 98%, and 75%, respectively) and dicamba (30%, 42%, and 17%, respectively). Palmer amaranth populations had resistance frequencies for glyphosate and dicamba of 80% and 20% in Colorado and 20% and 3% in Nebraska, respectively. No resistance to the tested herbicides was identified in common lambsquarters or redroot pigweed. Glufosinate resistance was not identified for any species. Kochia and Palmer amaranth populations from Colorado and Nebraska exhibited glyphosate resistance primarily through 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene amplification. However, one glyphosate-resistant kochia population from Wyoming lacked EPSPS gene amplification, indicating the presence of an alternative resistance mechanism. We identified the previously characterized IAA16 G73N substitution in a dicamba-resistant kochia population from Nebraska. However, dicamba-resistant kochia populations from Colorado did not possess this substitution, suggesting an alternative, yet-to-be-determined resistance mechanism. The widespread prevalence of glyphosate and dicamba resistance, coupled with the emergence of novel resistance mechanisms, poses a significant challenge to the long-term efficacy of this novel genetically engineered sugar beet technology. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated weed management strategies that diversify effective herbicide sites-of-action and incorporate alternative weed management practices within cropping systems. Nomenclature: Dicamba; glufosinate-ammonium glyphosate; common lambsquarters; Chenopodium album L.; kochia; Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott; Palmer amaranth; Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson; redroot pigweed; Amaranthus retroflexus L. var. salicifolius I.M. Johnst.

Considering a complete residuated lattice L as the lattice background, the concept of (preconcave, concave) L-convergence spaces via L-ordered co-Scott closed sets is introduced and its diagonal axioms are proposed. It is shown that concave L-convergence spaces are isomorphic to strong L-concave spaces in a categorical viewpoint. Also, it is proved that a preconcave L-convergence space satisfies the Kowalsky diagonal axiom if and only if it is concave, and an L-convergence space satisfies the Fischer diagonal axiom if and only if it is concave.