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Evidence suggests that excessive screen time in early childhood is related to children’s physical and mental health. This study aimed to review the relationships between screen media use and several health indicators in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. A systematic search was conducted by two independent reviewers on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify the eligible studies, with an end date of 13 August 2019. Included studies (published in English) were peer-reviewed and met the determinate population (children aged 0–7 years with screen media exposure and related health outcomes). The AHRQ, NOS, and the Cochrane Handbook were used to evaluate the cross-sectional study, cohort study, and RCT, respectively. A meta-analysis and narrative syntheses were employed separately. Eighty studies (23 studies for meta-analysis) met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Strong evidence of the meta-analysis suggested that excessive screen time was associated with overweight/obesity and shorter sleep duration among toddlers and preschoolers. Excessive screen use was associated with various health indicators in physical, behavioral, and psychosocial aspects. Better-quality research on newer media devices, on various kinds of contents in young children, and on dose–response relationships between excessive screen use and health indicators are needed to update recommendations of screen use.

Background: The prevalence of sedentary behavior in adolescents has aroused social attention. The association between sedentary behavior and cognitive flexibility remain unclear, and it may vary depending on the type of sedentary behavior. This study aimed to investigate the associations between specific-type sedentary behaviors and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. Method: A total of 700 Chinese adolescents aged 10 to 15 years were recruited. The self-report questionnaire was used to assess total sedentary time, entertainment screen-based sedentary time, and educational sedentary time. The More-odd shifting task was used to assess cognitive flexibility. Results: The correlation analysis showed that entertainment screen-based sedentary time was negatively correlated with cognitive flexibility, whereas educational sedentary time was positively correlated with cognitive flexibility. The regression analysis also further revealed that a significantly negative association between entertainment screen-based sedentary time and cognitive flexibility, while a significantly positive association existed between educational sedentary time and cognitive flexibility. Conclusion: The findings shown that the association between entertainment screen-based sedentary behavior and cognitive flexibility differs from educational sedentary behavior in adolescents, providing new ideas for a more comprehensive understanding of the association between sedentary behavior and cognitive flexibility in adolescents.

Objective Screen-based sedentary behavior (SB) is associated with elevated BMI; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigates the mediating role of weight concern in the SB-BMI relationship and examines how body image perception and gender moderate this mediation. By focusing on body image as a critical contextual factor, the study aims to inform targeted interventions for adolescent obesity and overweight. Methods In 2016, self-report questionnaires assessing screen-based SB, weight concern, and body image perception were collected from 508 Chinese adolescents (grades 7–9), yielding 438 valid responses (response rate: 86.22%). Path analysis and bootstrap procedures with bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals were used for data analysis. Results Screen-based SB was positively associated with weight concern ( b  = 1.115, p  = 0.009) and BMI ( b  = 0.183, p  < 0.001). The mediation analysis showed that weight concern partially mediated this relationship, with an indirect effect of 0.056 ( 95% CI = [0.006, 0.114]). This mediation was moderated by body image perception and gender. Specifically, the interaction between BMI overestimation and weight concern was negatively associated with BMI ( b =-0.157, p  = 0.011), whereas the three-way interaction of gender, weight concern, and overestimated body image perception showed a positive association with BMI ( b  = 0.080, p  = 0.025). Conclusions Screen-based SB influences BMI, with weight concern as a mediator and body image perception and gender as moderators. These findings highlight the importance of targeting sedentary behavior and body image concerns in gender-sensitive interventions for adolescents.

Despite previous studies, the association between screen-based sedentary behavior (SB) and erectile dysfunction (ED) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between screen-based SB and ED using data from the 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 4,047 participants were included, of whom 1,192 (29.5%) had ED. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze this association. After adjusting for potential confounders, screen-based SB exceeding 2 h per day was significantly associated with an increased risk of ED (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12–1.56; p  < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis further confirmed a consistent and independent positive association across different population groups (all p for interaction > 0.05). These findings suggest a significant relationship between prolonged screen-based SB and ED in U.S. adult males. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Background This study aimed to systematically evaluate the associations between sedentary behavior (SB) in daily life and the risk of neck pain (NP), and to investigate the dose-response relationships between these variables across different populations, including variations in age, sex, occupation, and lifestyle practices. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies examining the association between SB and NP risk. The National Institute of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool was utilized to evaluate study quality. Odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association between SB and NP. Due to significant heterogeneity among the studies, a random-effects model was employed for the meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates. Results A total of 25 studies with 43,184 participants met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the meta-analysis revealed a significant relationship between SB and NP (OR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.33, 1.60). Subgroup analyses revealed that the risk of NP was greater in female (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.22, 1.67) than in male (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.27) and was greater in employees (OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.70, 2.28) than in students (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.15, 1.39). Among screen-based SB, using mobile phones conferred the greatest risk of NP (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.27, 2.61), followed by using computers (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.40), whereas watching TV was not a significant risk (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 0.99, 1.44). Moreover, SB ≥ 4 h per day (h/d) increased the risk of NP (OR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.38, 1.87), and the risk further increased with SB ≥ 6 h/d (OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.42, 2.48). The risk of NP increased with a screen-based SB dose ≥ 1 h/d (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.17, 1.44), ≥ 2 h/d (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.18, 1.55), and ≥ 4 h/d (OR = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.26, 1.67). Conclusion SB is a notable risk factor for NP, with the risk escalating with longer durations of sedentary time. Targeted preventative measures, particularly for high-risk groups like female and employees, are necessary. Public health initiatives should encourage the reduction of sedentary behaviors and the promotion of physical activity to enhance neck health and alleviate the global prevalence of NP.

Background Previous studies have shown that prolonged time spent on screen-based sedentary behavior was significantly associated with lower health status in children, independent of physical activity levels. The study aimed to explore the individual and environmental correlates of screen time (ST) among 8–19-year-old students in China. Methods The study surveyed ST using a self-administered questionnaire in Chinese students aged 8–19 years; 1063 participants were included in the final analysis. Individual and environmental correlates of ST were assessed using a mixed-effects model (for continuous outcome variables) and multiple logistic regression model (for binary outcome variables). Results Prolonged ST was observed in 14.7% of boys and 8.9% of girls. Of the ST, weekend and mobile phone/tablet use represented 80% and 40%, respectively. A positive relationship was observed between media accessibility and ST in both boys and girls ( p < 0.05), whereas the presence of parents/others while using screens was a negative factor for longer ST ( p < 0.05). Among the assessed correlates, access to a television (TV) in students’ bedrooms was associated with prolonged total and weekend ST ( p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, spending time on a mobile phone/tablet or a computer rather than viewing a TV, along with increased media accessibility, increased ST. Conclusions These results indicate that greater media accessibility was positively associated and the presence of parents/others was negatively associated with prolonged ST in both Chinese boys and girls. Development of new and effective strategies against prolonged ST are required, especially for small screen device-based ST on weekends.

Background It has been generally assumed that activity-related parenting practices influence children’s activity behavior and weight status. However, vice versa parents may also change their parenting behaviors in response to their perceptions of their child’s activity behavior and weight status. This study examined the bidirectional relationships between activity-related parenting practices, and physical activity, sedentary screen-based behavior, and body mass index (BMI) between children’s age of 5 and 7 years. Methods Three scales of the Activity-related Parenting Questionnaire (i.e. ‘restriction of sedentary behavior’, ‘stimulation of physical activity’, and ‘monitoring of physical activity’) were completed by 1694 parents of the Dutch KOALA Birth Cohort Study at the child’s age of around 5 and again around age 7. Physical activity, sedentary screen-based behavior and BMI were measured at both ages as well. Linear regression models were used to estimate the bidirectional associations between each parenting practice and the child’s physical activity levels, sedentary screen-based behavior and BMI z-scores. Results Several parenting practices at age 5 predicted child physical activity, sedentary screen-based behavior, and BMI z-scores at age 7. Restriction of sedentary behavior positively predicted child BMI and sedentary screen-based behavior, whereas this practice negatively predicted child physical activity. In addition, stimulation of physical activity at age 5 was significantly associated with higher levels of child physical activity at age 7. The following child factors at age 5 predicted parenting practices at age 7: Child physical activity positively predicted parental stimulation of physical activity and monitoring activities. Sedentary screen-based behavior was associated with lower parental stimulation to be active. Conclusions Findings generally revealed that parents and children mutually influence each other’s behavior. A reinforcing feedback loop was present between parental stimulation of physical activity and child physical activity. Bidirectional parent-child interaction should be considered in future research in order to properly inform parenting-related intervention programs aimed at preventing or treating childhood overweight or obesity. System dynamic methods to explore the existence of reinforcing or balancing loops are needed in this regard.

Increased screen time (ST) in children is quickly becoming a public health concern as children are now reliant on technology for social interaction and educational development. The eye-health community has paid considerable attention to this in the recent literature, documenting it as digital eye strain. Continual close eye work and a lack of outdoor play contribute to digital eye strain and today’s myopia epidemic. This is a cause for concern for public health stakeholders insofar as it leads to sedentary, screen-based behaviour (SSB) in children. This results in a lack of physical activity and impacts both their bodies and their mental health. The potentially harmful effects of prolonged screen exposure on developing brains and bodies are likely to be unique and significant as physiological growth changes intersect with exponentially expanding e-platforms. While embracing the benefits of a highly digitalised world, we need to simultaneously mitigate the potential risks they pose to the health of growing children.

Aims: The aim of this work was to examine psychological distress among Norwegian adolescents in relation to changes over time and the associations with leisure time physical activity and screen-based sedentary behaviour. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on data retrieved from the Norwegian Youth Health Surveys in 2001 and 2009 in Hedmark County. Adolescents aged 15–16 years old completed a questionnaire regarding physical activity, sedentary behaviour, psychological distress and other health and lifestyle variables. The self-report Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 was used to assess psychological distress. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the associations between psychological distress, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Results: Self-reported psychological distress increased significantly from 2001 to 2009 (from 19.4 to 28.2%), with the proportion of girls reporting psychological distress being twice as large as the proportion of boys. The proportion of adolescents who were physically active for ⩾11 hours per week increased significantly over the same period (from 6.0 to 10.4%). Sedentary behaviour ⩾6 hours per school day increased significantly among both sexes between 2001 and 2009. Physical activity (⩾11 hours) and sedentary behaviour (⩾6 hours) were both significantly associated with psychological distress. Conclusions: The association between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and psychological distress was weak; only high amounts of physical activity and high amounts of screen-based sedentary behaviour were associated with psychological distress. Longitudinal studies are needed to provide further insights into these associations and to understand the extent to which these variables might be causally related.

Background The prominence of sedentary behavior research in health science has grown rapidly. With this growth there is increasing urgency for clear, common and accepted terminology and definitions. Such standardization is difficult to achieve, especially across multi-disciplinary researchers, practitioners, and industries. The Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) undertook a Terminology Consensus Project to address this need. Method First, a literature review was completed to identify key terms in sedentary behavior research. These key terms were then reviewed and modified by a Steering Committee formed by SBRN. Next, SBRN members were invited to contribute to this project and interested participants reviewed and provided feedback on the proposed list of terms and draft definitions through an online survey. Finally, a conceptual model and consensus definitions (including caveats and examples for all age groups and functional abilities) were finalized based on the feedback received from the 87 SBRN member participants who responded to the original invitation and survey. Results Consensus definitions for the terms physical inactivity, stationary behavior, sedentary behavior, standing, screen time, non-screen-based sedentary time, sitting, reclining, lying, sedentary behavior pattern, as well as how the terms bouts, breaks, and interruptions should be used in this context are provided. Conclusion It is hoped that the definitions resulting from this comprehensive, transparent, and broad-based participatory process will result in standardized terminology that is widely supported and adopted, thereby advancing future research, interventions, policies, and practices related to sedentary behaviors.