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The sealer of weights and measures used equipment to simply test a scale used to weigh merchandise for accuracy, to determine that a yardstick used for measuring dry goods was of proper length, or to verify that both wet and dry volume measures used to dispense liquids and dry commodities were as marked, even to certify the local wagon scale at the freight depot. The other edge is marked with gauge values, thus: \"The sum will be 10 for % Gill, 20 for 1 Gill, 30 for % pint, 40 for 1 pint, 50 for 1 quart, 60 for /4 gallon, 70 for 1 gallon, 80 for 1 peck, 90 for 14 bushel, 100 for 1 bushel.\" The example, shown in Figure 4, is a local standard and is marked with the Board of Trade portcullis and an 1898 date stamp. In addition to the usual graduations along one edge of inches/16th, this two-foot rule was marked along that same edge with 5 pairs of small triangular gauge points for 5 standard dry measure sizes: 1 Quart, 2 Quart, /2 Peck, 1 Peck, and % Bushel.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151533.].

The aim of the present study was to compare the microleakage of a self-adhesive composite (SAS) and a conventional resin-based fissure sealant using different application techniques. 100 intact human premolars with well-delineated pits and fissures were used and divided into 5 groups (n = 20). Group 1 specimens were etched (37% phosphoric acid) and sealed with conventional resin-based sealant (Helioseal F, Ivoclar Vivadent). In Group 2 Helioseal F was applied with bonding agent. For Group 3, pits and fissures were sealed with (Constic, DMG, Hamburg, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In Groups 4 and 5, specimens were sealed with Constic after enamel etching, but Group 5 bonding agent was also applied. Subsequently, specimens were thermocycled (1800 cycles, dwelling time of 10 s), immersed in 2% Methylene blue solution (24 h). Marginal leakage (dye penetration depth) was evaluated under a stereomicroscope and the worst score of each specimen was recorded (I⁻IV). Helioseal F showed the lowest microleakage (Helioseal F: 77.5% scored 0), regardless of bonding agent application (p = 0.200). Microleakage in groups sealed with Constic (with and without bonding agent) were not different (p = 0.449). The quality of marginal sealing after etching was improved when Constic was used (p = 0.000). The present findings suggest that the conventional resin-based sealant provides better marginal sealing than SAS. Additional enamel pretreatment with 37% phosphoric acid reduces marginal microleakage of SAS. Bonding agent application do not enhance the marginal sealing of resin-based sealant.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most preventable health-care-associated infections and are a substantial burden to health-care systems and service payers worldwide in terms of patient morbidity, mortality, and additional costs. SSI prevention is complex and requires the integration of a range of measures before, during, and after surgery. No international guidelines are available and inconsistencies in the interpretation of evidence and recommendations of national guidelines have been identified. Given the burden of SSIs worldwide, the numerous gaps in evidence-based guidance, and the need for standardisation and a global approach, WHO decided to prioritise the development of evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of SSIs. The guidelines take into account the balance between benefits and harms, the evidence quality, cost and resource use implications, and patient values and preferences. On the basis of systematic literature reviews and expert consensus, we present 13 recommendations on preoperative preventive measures.

HighlightsMussel and brown algae inspired dual-bionic bioadhesive cross-linked by dynamic bonds exhibits good self-healing capacity and sufficient adhesive strength. And the adhesive hydrogel shows temperature-dependent reversible adhesive behavior, and could achieve fault-tolerate adhesive application and repeated tissue adhesion.The coordination interaction between ferric ions and protocatechualdehyde equips the hydrogel with photothermal antibacterial effect.The injectable adhesive with antioxidation and good hemostatic effect shows promising application in tissue sealant and wound closure.Hydrogels with multifunctionalities, including sufficient bonding strength, injectability and self-healing capacity, responsive-adhesive ability, fault-tolerant and repeated tissue adhesion, are urgently demanded for invasive wound closure and wound healing. Motivated by the adhesive mechanism of mussel and brown algae, bioinspired dynamic bonds cross-linked multifunctional hydrogel adhesive is designed based on sodium alginate (SA), gelatin (GT) and protocatechualdehyde, with ferric ions added, for sutureless post-wound-closure. The dynamic hydrogel cross-linked through Schiff base bond, catechol-Fe coordinate bond and the strong interaction between GT with temperature-dependent phase transition and SA, endows the resulting hydrogel with sufficient mechanical and adhesive strength for efficient wound closure, injectability and self-healing capacity, and repeated closure of reopened wounds. Moreover, the temperature-dependent adhesive properties endowed mispositioning hydrogel to be removed/repositioned, which is conducive for the fault-tolerant adhesion of the hydrogel adhesives during surgery. Besides, the hydrogels present good biocompatibility, near-infrared-assisted photothermal antibacterial activity, antioxidation and repeated thermo-responsive reversible adhesion and good hemostatic effect. The in vivo incision closure evaluation demonstrated their capability to promote the post-wound-closure and wound healing of the incisions, indicating that the developed reversible adhesive hydrogel dressing could serve as versatile tissue sealant.

Radiopacity is an essential physical property to measure the quality of the filling, and whether the association of bioceramic sealers with gutta-percha cones increases the radiopacity of the filling was not previously assessed. Material and methods: Sixty transparent resin blocks with simulated root canals were prepared and X-rayed with a gutta-percha cone. The blocks were divided into five groups and filled with the single-cone technique using AH Plus (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), AH Plus Bioceramic (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), Bio-C Sealer (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil), BioRoot RCS (Septodont, Saint Maur-des[1]Fosses, France), or Sealer Plus BC (MK Life, Porto Alegre, Brazil). New radiographs were taken, and the images were analyzed using the Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, USA). Results: There was no difference (p>0.05) in the radiopacity of the gutta-percha cones used in the five groups. The epoxy resin-based AH Plus and AH Plus Bioceramic showed the highest increase in radiopacity (p<0.05). Sealer Plus BC, BioRoot RCS, and Bio-C Sealer showed similar radiopacity y (p<0.05). Conclusion: All sealers showed increased radiopacity (p<0.05) when associated with the gutta-percha cone.

Animal poisons and venoms are comprised of different classes of molecules displaying wide-ranging pharmacological activities. This review aims to provide an in-depth view of toxin-based compounds from terrestrial and marine organisms used as diagnostic tools, experimental molecules to validate postulated therapeutic targets, drug libraries, prototypes for the design of drugs, cosmeceuticals, and therapeutic agents. However, making these molecules applicable requires extensive preclinical trials, with some applications also demanding clinical trials, in order to validate their molecular target, mechanism of action, effective dose, potential adverse effects, as well as other fundamental parameters. Here we go through the pitfalls for a toxin-based potential therapeutic drug to become eligible for clinical trials and marketing. The manuscript also presents an overview of the current picture for several molecules from different animal venoms and poisons (such as those from amphibians, cone snails, hymenopterans, scorpions, sea anemones, snakes, spiders, tetraodontiformes, bats, and shrews) that have been used in clinical trials. Advances and perspectives on the therapeutic potential of molecules from other underexploited animals, such as caterpillars and ticks, are also reported. The challenges faced during the lengthy and costly preclinical and clinical studies and how to overcome these hindrances are also discussed for that drug candidates going to the bedside. It covers most of the drugs developed using toxins, the molecules that have failed and those that are currently in clinical trials. The article presents a detailed overview of toxins that have been used as therapeutic agents, including their discovery, formulation, dosage, indications, main adverse effects, and pregnancy and breastfeeding prescription warnings. Toxins in diagnosis, as well as cosmeceuticals and atypical therapies (bee venom and leech therapies) are also reported. The level of cumulative and detailed information provided in this review may help pharmacists, physicians, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, and scientists interested in toxinology, drug discovery, and development of toxin-based products.

The aim of the study was to analyze the chemical–physical properties and bioactivity (apatite-forming ability) of three recently introduced premixed bioceramic root canal sealers containing varied amounts of different calcium silicates (CaSi): a dicalcium and tricalcium silicate (1–10% and 20–30%)-containing sealer with zirconium dioxide and tricalcium aluminate (CERASEAL); a tricalcium silicate (5–15%)-containing sealer with zirconium dioxide, dimethyl sulfoxide and lithium carbonate (AH PLUS BIOCERAMIC) and a dicalcium and tricalcium silicate (10% and 25%)-containing sealer with calcium aluminate, tricalcium aluminate and tantalite (NEOSEALER FLO). An epoxy resin-based sealer (AH PLUS) was used as control. The initial and final setting times, radiopacity, flowability, film thickness, open pore volume, water absorption, solubility, calcium release and alkalizing activity were tested. The nucleation of calcium phosphates and/or apatite after 28 days aging in Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) was evaluated by ESEM-EDX, vibrational IR and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The analyses showed for NeoSealer Flo and AH Plus the longest final setting times (1344 ± 60 and 1300 ± 60 min, respectively), while shorter times for AH Plus Bioceramic and Ceraseal (660 ± 60 and 720 ± 60 min, respectively). Radiopacity, flowability and film thickness complied with ISO 6876/12 for all tested materials. A significantly higher open pore volume was observed for NeoSealer Flo, AH Plus Bioceramic and Ceraseal when compared to AH Plus (p < 0.05), significantly higher values were observed for NeoSealer Flo and AH Plus Bioceramic (p < 0.05). Ceraseal and AH Plus revealed the lowest solubility. All CaSi-containing sealers released calcium and alkalized the soaking water. After 28 days immersion in HBSS, ESEM-EDX analyses revealed the formation of a mineral layer that covered the surface of all bioceramic sealers, with a lower detection of radiopacifiers (Zirconium for Ceraseal and AH Plus Bioceramic, Tantalum for NeoSealer Flo) and an increase in calcium, phosphorous and carbon. The calcium phosphate (CaP) layer was more evident on NeoSealer Flo and AH Plus Bioceramic. IR and micro-Raman revealed the formation of calcium carbonate on the surface of all set materials. A thin layer of a CaP phase was detected only on AH Plus Bioceramic and NeoSealer Flo. Ceraseal did not show CaP deposit despite its highest calcium release among all the tested CaSi-containing sealers. In conclusion, CaSi-containing sealers met the required chemical and physical standards and released biologically relevant ions. Slight/limited apatite nucleation was observed in relation to the high carbonation processes.

Vertical root fractures (VRF) are considered one of the most dangerous complications that might occur, due to the difficulty in its diagnosis and prognosis. These fractures happen more frequently, particularly after endodontic treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of MTA-based sealers in increasing the fracture resistance of endodontically retreated teeth. The study sample consisted of 45 single-rooted and single-canal premolars. All teeth were decoronated, and instrumented up to Protaper F2 (25/8%). Root canals were then obturated using Zinc-oxide and Eugenol (ZOE) sealer and thermal obturation technique. Then retreatment procedures were done using Protaper F3 (30/9%) and all teeth were divided into three equal groups: Group 1 (Experminteal, n=15): root canal were obturated using MTA-based sealer and single cone technique, Group 2 (Positive Control, n=15): root canal were obturated using ZOE sealer and single cone technique, and Group 3 (Negative Control, n=15): without root canal obturation. All teeth were restored with glass ionomer cement and kept in an incubator at 37°C for a week. All samples were placed within acrylic bases and a vertical force was applied using a Testometric machine and the fracture resistance force was recorded. MTA and positive control groups showed better fracture resistance (485.07, 455.72 N respectively) than the negative control group (492.680 N) with a statistically significant difference (p=0.003, 0.013 respectively). However, no statistically significant difference was found between MTA and positive control groups (p=1.000). Based on this in vitro study, the use of MTA and ZOE enhanced the fracture resistance in retreatment root-filled single-rooted premolar teeth.

The new types of sealer pastes such as Bioceramic increased the difficulty of retreatment and complete removal of root canal filling materials, Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of XP-3D R files in removing two types of sealer pastes (Bioceramic Hi-flow and Bioceramic sealer). The study sample consisted of 30 single-rooted and single-canal mandibular premolars, the root canals were prepared to F2 size and divided into two equal groups: Group 1 (n=15): the root canals were filled using BC Hi-Flow with warm vertical compaction technique, and Group 2 (n=15): the root canals were filled using BC with single-cone obturation technique, then retreatment was done using PTUR files, then the teeth were extracted longitudinally, and photographed. The mages were analyzed using the AutoCAD program, as the canal space and the amount of residue in each of the two parts were calculated. The XP-3D R files system was not able to completely remove the root canal filling materials in both groups, and the results showed that the amount of root canal filling residues in the BC Hi-Flow group was (14.27%), while in the BC group was (10.86%). There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of root canal filling residues in the coronal and apical thirds, in contrast to the middle third as the root canal filling residues were (18.20%) in the BC Hi-Flow group, while it was (11.91%) in the BC group. The XP-3D R files showed the ability to reduce the amount of the root canal filling residues more in the BC group and were not able to completely remove the root canal filling residues in any of the samples. The amount of the root canal filling residues in the BC Hi-Flow group was greater in the middle third and the greatest root canal filling residues removal efficacy of these files was in the apical third.