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"Seasonal Variations"
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The things that I love about trees
\"[This] picture book ... looks at how a tree changes with the seasons\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Shifting seasonal patterns of water availability
Seasonal patterns of water availability can differ dramatically among ecosystems, with well-known consequences for ecosystem structure and functioning. Less appreciated is that climate change can shift the seasonality of water availability (e.g. to wetter springs, drier summers), resulting in both subtle and profound ecological impacts. Here we (1) review evidence that the seasonal availability of water is being altered in ecosystems worldwide, (2) explore several mechanisms potentially driving these changes, and (3) highlight the breadth of ecological consequences resulting from shifts in the seasonality of water availability. We conclude that seasonal patterns of water availability are changing globally, but in regionally specific ways requiring more rigorous and nuanced assessments of ecosystem vulnerability as well as the ecological consequences.
Journal Article
A big garden
\"This wonderfully insightful and brilliantly illustrated book on gardens and gardeners will provide hours of absorbing fun while introducing young readers to the joys of planning, planting, and harvesting. In vibrant watercolors Vincent Grave shows us how there's something happening every month in the Big Garden. Renowned landscape designer Gilles Clement's lyrical text gently teaches young readers not only what's involved in planning a garden, but how plants, insects, and humans interact all year long to make the garden thrive. Along the way, we witness a forest of mushrooms, the miracle of eggs, and the incredible universe found in a single flower. In every picture, tiny gardeners busy themselves among the leaves, seeds, and earth. Fascinating, heartfelt, and elegantly produced, this book celebrates the deep connection between humans and nature\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Global and local diet popularity rankings, their secular trends, and seasonal variation in Google Trends data
The Internet has become the main source of health-related information including nutrition. The aim of this study was to rank the most popular diets among Google users globally and regionally in addition to secular and seasonal trends in the years 2004 to 2019.
We used Google Trends (GT) to identify and analyze course over time and regional interest of 47 topics related to diets. We analyzed secular trends using the Seasonal Mann–Kendall test and seasonal variation using time-series decomposition. The topic “Mediterranean diet” (MedD) was used as a benchmark. We calculated the interest of all topics in proportion to the relative search volume (RSV) of MedD.
Globally, Google users were particularly interested in veganism (19.54 times higher than MedD), vegetarianism (15.09 times higher than MedD), and gluten-free diet (11.11 times higher than MedD). Veganism was the most frequently searched diet type in 23 countries followed by vegetarianism (14), ketogenic diet (7), and low-carbohydrate diet (7). Whereas an increase of RSV over time was observed for 23 diets, a decrease was noted for 20. The most dynamic increase was found for FODMAP (6.12 RSV/year), gluten-free diet (5.95 RSV/year), and raw veganism (5.72 RSV/year). Sharp declines concerned negative-calorie food (–4.34 RSV/year), macrobiotic diet (–3.89 RSV/year), and cabbage soup diet (–3.50 RSV/year). The interest in most diets falls in December but peaks in January.
Veganism, vegetarianism, and gluten-free diet attract the largest public interest globally. Both secular trends and seasonal variation shape the ever-changing landscape of diet popularity. GT holds promise as a valuable tool in local and international nutrition research.
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•Public interest in various diets can be investigated using Google Trends.•Vegan, vegetarian, and gluten-free diets currently are the most popular.•Interest in most diets is subject to marked annual variation.•Dynamics of interest in less established diets are often remarkably high.
Journal Article
Seasonality of Common Human Coronaviruses, United States, 2014-2021
The 4 common types of human coronaviruses (HCoVs)—2 alpha (HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E) and 2 beta (HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43)—generally cause mild upper respiratory illness. Seasonal patterns and annual variation in predominant types of HCoVs are known, but parameters of expected seasonality have not been defined. We defined seasonality of HCoVs during July 2014–November 2021 in the United States by using a retrospective method applied to National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System data. In the 6 HCoV seasons before 2020–21, season onsets occurred October 21–November 12, peaks January 6–February 13, and offsets April 18–June 27; most (>93%) HCoV detection was within the defined seasonal onsets and offsets. The 2020–21 HCoV season onset was 11 weeks later than in prior seasons, probably associated with COVID-19 mitigation efforts. Better definitions of HCoV seasonality can be used for clinical preparedness and for determining expected patterns of emerging coronaviruses.
Journal Article
The calendar of epidemics: Seasonal cycles of infectious diseases
About the Authors: Micaela Elvira Martinez * E-mail: mem2352@cumc.columbia.edu Affiliation: Climate & Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America ORCID logo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-9450 Introduction Seasonal cyclicity is a ubiquitous feature of acute infectious diseases [1] and may be a ubiquitous feature of human infectious diseases in general, as illustrated in Tables 1–4. In order to explore documented seasonal cycles in human infections, the websites of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control were searched to compile a list of 60+ communicable diseases of public health interest. In general, if \"everything is seasonal,\" then everything will covary (usually with some phase shifts). [...]seasonal covariance alone is not useful for establishing seasonal drivers. Let's consider a human disease with peak incidence in the summer, such as polio [6]. Because incidence peaks in summer, it would have a strong positive relationship with temperature, photoperiod (day length), and many other summer-related features of the environment and human populations.
Journal Article
An increase in xylem embolism resistance of grapevine leaves during the growing season is coordinated with stomatal regulation, turgor loss point and intervessel pit membranes
• Although xylem embolism resistance is traditionally considered as static, we hypothesized that in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaf xylem becomes more embolism-resistant over the growing season.
• We evaluated xylem architecture, turgor loss point (ΨTLP) and water potentials leading to 25% of maximal stomatal conductance (g
s25) or 50% embolism in the leaf xylem (P50) in three irrigation treatments and at three time points during the growing season, while separating the effects of leaf age and time of season.
• Hydraulic traits acclimated over the growing season in a coordinated manner. Without irrigation, ΨTLP, g
s25, and P50 decreased between late May and late August by 0.95, 0.77 and 0.71 MPa, respectively. A seasonal shift in P50 occurred even in mature leaves, while irrigation had only a mild effect (< 0.2 MPa) on P50. Vessel size and pit membrane thickness were also seasonally dynamic, providing a plausible explanation for the shift in P50.
• Our findings provide clear evidence that grapevines can modify their hydraulic traits along a growing season to allow lower xylem water potential, without compromising gas exchange, leaf turgor or xylem integrity. Seasonal changes should be considered when modeling ecosystem vulnerability to drought or comparing datasets acquired at different phenological stages.
Journal Article
Employing stable isotopes to determine the residence times of soil water and the temporal origin of water taken up by Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a temperate forest
We assessed how the seasonal variability of precipitation δ2H and δ18O is propagated into soil and xylem waters of temperate trees, applied a hydrological model to estimate the residence time distribution of precipitation in the soil, and identified the temporal origin of water taken up by Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica over 4 yr.
Residence times of precipitation in the soil varied between a few days and several months and increased with soil depth. On average, 50% of water consumed by trees throughout a year had precipitated during the growing season, while 40% had precipitated in the preceding winter or even earlier. Importantly, we detected subtle differences with respect to the temporal origin of water used by the two species.
We conclude that both current precipitation and winter precipitation are important for the water supply of temperate trees and that winter precipitation could buffer negative impacts of spring or summer droughts.
Our study additionally provides the means to obtain realistic estimates of source water δ2H and δ18O values for trees from precipitation isotope data, which is essential for improving model-based interpretations of δ18O and δ2H values in plants.
Journal Article
Seasonal evolution of the intraseasonal variability of China summer precipitation
Seasonal cycle of China summer precipitation has significant impacts on its subseasonal predictability; yet current understanding of seasonal evolution of the intraseasonal variability (ISV) remains limited. Here, we show that the ISV of China summer precipitation features a distinct three-stage evolution during early summer, Meiyu season, and late summer. There are two common leading ISV modes: a uniform mode (UM) over southeastern China and a dipole mode (DM) between coastal southeastern China and mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, which occur during all three stages with a dominant period of 8–15 days in the early and late summers and 8–25 days during Meiyu season. These two modes show southward propagation in early summer, but they are independent from each other in the other two stages. In early summer, both UM and DM are only related to mid-latitude wave train, and no preceding signal is found in the tropics due to the weak western North Pacific (WNP) monsoon trough. In contrast, during the Meiyu season and late summer, preceding tropical signals are observed when the WNP monsoon trough becomes strong. In the late summer, the effect of mid-latitude wave train is weak as the westerly jet-induced wave guide is far away from southeastern China. An improved subseasonal prediction system is expected to be benefited from consideration of the seasonal evolution of China summer precipitation ISV.
Journal Article