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\"Learn about sun, rain, tornadoes, snow, the reason for the seasons, and more. Read jokes about all of these topics, and learn how to write your own\"--Provided by publisher.

•The concentrations of Hx and l-lactic acid in vitreous humor were measured to investigate PMI by LC-MS/MS.•PMI was evaluated using 79 corpses, with sampling time ranging from 13 to 103h after death.•The concentrations of Hx and l-lactic acid increased along with an increase in PMI.•The concentrations of Hx and l-lactic acid were corrected by temperature.•This study has great significance in PMI studies, as uncontrolled authentic vitreous humor samples were used. Hypoxanthine (Hx) is produced during terminal stages of purine catabolism in humans. The concentrations of Hx and l-lactic acid in vitreous humor highly correlate with post-mortem interval (PMI). In this study, we measured the concentrations of Hx and l-lactic acid in uncontrolled authentic vitreous humor from cadavers, and investigated the correlation between these molecules and PMI. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was used for the quantitative analysis of Hx and l-lactic acid in vitreous humor. These concentrations were also corrected by four seasons such as spring, summer, autumn, and winter and temperatures on the day of death such as −10 to 5 °C, 6–15 °C, 16–25 °C, and 26–32 °C that may affect the biomarker concentrations. Vitreous humors were collected from cadavers with known time of death at the National Forensic Service (NFS), Republic of Korea. The correlation between the concentrations of Hx and l-lactic acid in vitreous humors and PMI was evaluated using 79 corpses (53 males and 26 females), with sampling time ranging from 13 to 103 h after death. The average daily ambient temperature at the time of death of each sample was investigated to calibrate the correlation with PMI. Following correction of the concentrations of Hx and l-lactic acid with temperature, the correlation of Hx and l-lactic acid with PMI increased from 0.53 to 0.59 for Hx and 0.38 to 0.42 for l-lactic acid. The highest correlation of Hx and l-lactic acid concentrations with PMI was observed in the winter season, with an R2 value of 0.80 and 0.71 for Hx and l-lactic acid, respectively. The correlation of Hx and l-lactic acid with PMI was corrected by ambient temperature for each season, resulting in an increase in the R2 value to 0.88 for Hx and 0.72 for l-lactic acid. The best correlation was observed when the temperature was corrected after dividing by season.

The use of social media is now an established strategy to engage and maintain customer loyalty. The purpose of the present study was to examine the Twitter accounts of ten of the largest online sports betting operators in the UK to determine what marketing strategies were employed. More specifically, this study analyzed 3375 tweets posted by the operators during the opening weekend of the 2018–2019 English Premier League football season using a content analysis methodology. The results demonstrated that multiple strategies, including hashtags, were used to link gambling operator tweets with major sporting events, and the use of numerous promotional campaigns. Notably, over 90% of the tweets contained no responsible gambling information. The quantity and content of social media posts underline the need for a review of the current advertising regulations in the UK. Further research should examine how exposure to sports betting social media marketing influences gambling behavior.

A poem by a French monk named Herbert petitions Wulfgar Abbot of Abingdon for a gift of warm clothing. The poem, a mock epic employing alliteration and hermeneutic vocabulary, presents the seasons as warring deities. Using similar technique in the final eight lines of the poem, Wulfgar denies Herbert with a humourous response. This article contains an edition, translation, and analysis of the poem, along with brief biographies of the two authors. Another work by Herbert, a prosimetric letter requesting an allowance of fish, is edited and translated in an appendix.

Dux magnus gentis venteris saginati is considered to be a Scottish delicacy; however, depleting wild stocks have resulted in attempts to farm them. Selective breeding has been successful in modifying behaviour, increasing body length, reducing hair coat and improving fank (litter) size. However, there are still significant problems associated with the terrain in which they are farmed. This article describes the use of ultrasonography in the reproductive management of this species and the introduction of new genetic material in an attempt to address these problems, with the aim of improving welfare and productivity.

Miller discusses an aporetic reflections of Socrates' reflections on Philebus 48A-50B which Socrates' words reach well beyond their immediate context, setting off bells of recognition for readers of Plato's Socratic dialogues. She explains that at first sight his characterization of the joy they take in the sight of \"the laughable\" on the comic stage seems to fit the basic scene presented in many of the Socratic dialogues. This deeper appreciation of the Socratic sting is that she suggest a clue to the uncommon serenity with which, in his keen awareness of the limits of his understanding, Socrates is always pleased to inquire.

Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are ecological engineers because they dig the burrows that provide shelter for numerous sympatric animals and, as such, are keystone mammals in sub-Saharan Africa. They are nocturnally-active, solitary and elusive. As a result, aardvark ecophysiology is poorly understood, despite their ecological significance. Much of their range is becoming hotter and drier with global climate change, with potential impacts on the aardvarks. A recent drought in the Kalahari in the summer of 2012-13 coincided with high aardvark mortality. The Kalahari semi-desert at the south-western edge of aardvark distribution is the hottest and driest environment currently inhabited by aardvarks. Climate change will likely exacerbate the Kalahari’s harsh conditions through increased aridification and higher environmental temperatures. Whether the physiological plasticity of aardvarks will allow them to buffer such changes is unknown.I therefore studied wild, free-living aardvarks for ~3.5 years (July 2012 to September 2015) at Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, South Africa. Aardvarks were implanted with VHF-tracking units and data loggers to record body temperature and locomotor activity. Camera traps at burrows recorded the aardvarks’ times of emergence. I scored aardvark body condition and collected fresh scats for dietary analysis. Aardvarks typically feed exclusively on ants and termites, which depend largely on vegetation productivity. Thus, I assessed prey abundance and availability monthly using pitfall traps and signs of termite surface activity, and assessed vegetation productivity using field-based transect methods and remote-sensing data (MODIS-EVI). I subsequently measured energy and water content of the aardvarks’ main prey items.Harvester termites (Hodotermes mossambicus) were the most important dietary item for aardvarks throughout the study period, accounting for ~75 % of prey ingested, and providing ~90 % of water and energy needs. By contrast, research in less arid southern African regions found ants to be the dominant dietary item. Although the aardvarks’ regional flexibility in feeding on the most abundant social insects likely improves survival under normal conditions, aardvark well-being in the Kalahari might depend on fluctuations in harvester termite populations. I found that harvester termite abundance correlated with grass availability, which in turn depended on rainfall.During my study, inter-annual variability in rainfall was high; two good rainfall years occurred which had large amounts of rainfall early in the wet season, resulting in high vegetation productivity. During these years, ant (largely in summer) and termite abundances were high, thus aardvarks obtained sufficient prey to cover their minimum daily energy and water requirements, and were in good body condition. Irrespective of the season, aardvarks in good condition remained nocturnal, and were homeothermic, with a low 24-h amplitude of body temperature rhythm (~2.5 °C; varying from 35 to 37.5 °C). Their body temperature rhythm over 24-h closely tracked that of activity, with body temperature increasing at the beginning of the active phase, and declining at the end of the active phase.A drought during summer 2012-13 likely resulted in local declines of termite populations, such that aardvarks were no longer able to meet their energetic requirements. A mass mortality of aardvarks occurred at the end of the summer drought, and surviving aardvarks were in poor condition.