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The operational performance of cereal seeding machinery influences the yield and quality of cereals. In this article, we review the existing literature on intelligent technologies for cereal seeding machinery, encompassing active controllable seeding actuators, intelligent seeding rate control, and intelligent seed position control systems. In this manuscript, (1) the characteristics and innovative structures of existing motor-driven seed-metering devices and ground surface profiling mechanisms are expounded; (2) state-of-the-art detection principles and applications for soil property sensors are described based on different soil properties; (3) optimal seeding rate decision approaches based on soil properties are summarized; (4) the research state of seeding rate measuring and control technologies is expounded in detail; (5) trajectory control methods for seeding machinery and seeding depth control systems are described based on measurement and control principles; and (6) the present state, limitations, and future development directions of intelligent cereal seeding machinery are described. In the future, more advanced multi-algorithm and multi-sensor fusion technologies for soil property detection, optimal seeding rate decisions, seeding rates, and seed position control are likely to evolve. This review not only expounds the latest studies on intelligent actuating, sensing, and control technologies for intelligent cereal seeding machinery, but also discusses the shortcomings of existing intelligent seeding technologies and future developing trends in detail. This review, therefore, offers a reference for future research in the domain of intelligent seeding machinery for cereals.

Due to the lack of an exact simulation model for spinach seeds, existing seed-metering devices exhibit poor seeding performance and struggle to achieve precise seeding of two seeds per seed-metering hole. This study proposes a method for calibrating discrete element parameters of spinach seeds and develops a seed-metering device with rectangular seed-metering holes tailored to the two-seeds-per-hole requirement. Firstly, a spinach seed discrete element model was constructed. Based on the Box-Behnken Design experimental scheme, simulations of angle of repose and fluidity, combined with physical of angle of repose (38.27°) and physical mass flow rate (18.60 g/s), were used to calibrate contact parameters: (1) between spinach seed models (coefficient of restitution: 0.385; coefficient of static friction: 0.481; coefficient of rolling friction: 0.042); and (2) between seed models and PVC plate (coefficient of restitution: 0.339; coefficient of static friction: 0.600; coefficient of rolling friction: 0.408). Subsequently, simulated and physical bulk density tests were conducted to verify the validity of the established spinach seed model. Guided by the agronomic requirements for spinach seed planting, the range of dimensional parameters for the seed-metering holes was defined. Using the Box-Behnken Design, simulated seeding tests were performed to optimize the device’s structural parameters (hole depth, hole length, hole width, and seed-filling angle), resulting in optimal values of 2.52 mm, 3.67 mm, 5.15 mm, and 37.99°, respectively. Finally, physical seeding tests were conducted, achieving a qualified seeding rate of 92.23% at a seeding speed of 10 r/min. These results confirm the design accuracy and high operational efficiency of the device. This study lays a foundation for the overall design of future spinach planters.

Information on the effects of management practices on soybean seed composition is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of planting date (PD) and seeding rate (SR) on seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and sugars) and seed minerals (B, P, and Fe) in soybean grown in two row-types (RTs) on the Mississippi Delta region of the Midsouth USA. Two field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 on Sharkey clay and Beulah fine sandy loam soil at Stoneville, MS, USA, under irrigated conditions. Soybean were grown in 102 cm single-rows and 25 cm twin-rows in 102 cm centers at SRs of 20, 30, 40, and 50 seeds m(-2). The results showed that in May and June planting, protein, glucose, P, and B concentrations increased with increased SR, but at the highest SRs (40 and 50 seeds m(-2)), the concentrations remained constant or declined. Palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid concentrations were the least responsive to SR increases. Early planting resulted in higher oil, oleic acid, sucrose, B, and P on both single and twin-rows. Late planting resulted in higher protein and linolenic acid, but lower oleic acid and oil concentrations. The changes in seed constituents could be due to changes in environmental factors (drought and temperature), and nutrient accumulation in seeds and leaves. The increase of stachyose sugar in 2010 may be due to a drier year and high temperature in 2010 compared to 2009; suggesting the possible role of stachyose as an environmental stress compound. Our research demonstrated that PD, SR, and RT altered some seed constituents, but the level of alteration in each year dependent on environmental factors such as drought and temperature. This information benefits growers and breeders for considering agronomic practices to select for soybean seed nutritional qualities under drought and high heat conditions.

The field experiment was conducted during the 2024-2025 agricultural season in farmers’ fields in Nineveh Governorate at two locations: the first in Omar Qabji village/Ba’shiqah sub-district, and the second in Al-Qunsiyah village/Al-Ahmidat sub-district. The study aimed to determine the role of planting dates and seeding rates and their effect on the growth and productivity of triticale. The experiment was implemented using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement. The study included two factors: the first being three planting dates (20 Nov., 20 Dec., 20 Jan.) assigned to the main plots, and the second being three seeding rates (120, 160, 200 kg ha−1) assigned to the sub-plots, with three replications. The results showed the superiority of the second planting date (20 Dec.) at both Omar Qabji and Al-Qunsiyah locations for the following traits: number of grains per spike (58.15, 60.04 grains spike−1), number of spikes (620.22, 546.52 spikes m−2), biological yield (2640.9, 1959.9 g m−2), and grain yield (1206.51, 784.29 g m−2), respectively. The seeding rate of 200 kg ha−1 outperformed other rates at both locations for tiller number (779.11, 625.93 tillers m−2), number of spikes (574.89, 506.22 spikes m−2), biological yield (2477.0, 1819.3 g m−2), and grain yield (1056.53, 627.44 g m−2), respectively. The study concluded that the second planting date (20 Dec.) combined with a seeding rate of 200 kg ha−1 had a positive effect in increasing most yield traits and productivity of triticale.

This study was conducted on a sandy loam soil, to evaluate the performance, estimate certain genetic parameters, and perform path coefficient analysis of vegetative growth and yield traits for six Triticale genotypes (Triticosecale x Wittmack), namely Farah, Amal 7, Al-Muhand, LIRON 3, LIRON 4, and LIRON6. The genotypes were sown at three seeding rates of 140, 160, and 180 Kg ha-¹. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications and split-plot arrangement, where seeding rates were assigned to main plots and genotypes to subplots. The results indicated that the seeding rate of 140 Kg ha-¹ outperformed other rates for most studied traits, except total biological yield, which was higher at 160 and 180 Kg ha-¹. Among genotypes, Farah exhibited the highest means for grains per spike, biological yield, and grain yield. Grain yield showed significant positive phenotypic correlations with tiller number per m², spike length, and total biological yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that grains per spike and 500-kernel weight had the greatest direct effects on grain yield.

The experiment was conducted in one of the farmers’ fields during season (2022-2023) in Nineveh Governorate at two locations, first one in Al-Nimrood, and second one in Hammam Al’aleel. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was chemical herbicides (Navigator, Timeline Trio) at the recommended concentrations, in addition to the control treatment and the second factor was seeding rates (120, 160 kg. ha -1 ). Planting dates on (22/11, and 1/12/2022) for both locations respectively, using the wheat variety (Babel 113), approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. The experiment was applied as factorial experiment using a split-block experimental design, with complete randomization of treatments (RCBD), with three replicates. A plot size was 12 m 2 , where the main plots included chemical herbicides, while the sub-plots included seeding rates. The experiment was irrigated using fixed sprinklers, and the harvesting dates was on (24, and 28/5/2023) for both locations respectively. The results showed that herbicides were superiority of in reducing the number of narrow and broad leaves weeds and their dry weights over the control treatment in both locations, Furthermore, the herbicide “Timeline Trio” superiority of the herbicide “Navigator” in traits of grain yield, reached (525.833, 604.167 g.m -2 ) for both locations respectively, while the control treatment recorded the lowest yield, reached (227.5, 393.5 g.m -2 ) for both locations respectively. The seeding rate of (160 kg. ha -1 ) superiority of the seeding rate of (120 kg. ha -1 ) in reducing the number and dry weights of narrow and broad-leaves weeds, which positively reflected on the increase in yield for both locations.

A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars. The experiment was designed as a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots included three wheat cultivars (Iba’a-99, Buhooth-22, and Buhooth-10), while the subplots consisted of three planting densities (80, 100, and 120 kg ha −1 ), and the sub-sub plots were assigned to two row orientations: East-West and North-South. The results indicated that the Iba-99 cultivar significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square (439.14 tiller m −2 ), flag leaf area (43.45 cm 2 ), number of spikes per meter square (348.31 spike m −2 ), number of grains per spike (50.03 grain spike −1 ) and grain yield (5.027 tons ha −1 ), while the Buhooth-10 cultivar were significantly superior in the gluten content in grains (33.15%). The 120 kg ha −1 planting density was significantly superior in the number of tillers per meter square (433.39 tiller m −2 ), number of spikes per meter square (347.20 spike m −2 ) and grain yield (5.207 tons ha −1 ), whereas the 80 kg ha −1 seeding rate significantly excelled in the number of grains per spike (50.82 grain spike −1 ) and gluten content in grains (33.26%). The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square (419.98 tiller m −2 ), flag leaf area (43.39 cm 2 ), number of spikes per meter square (331.98 spike m −2 ), number of grains per spike (48.93 grain spike −1 ), grain yield (4.934 tons ha −1 ) and gluten content in grains (33.11%). The di and tri-interaction between studied factors hadn’t a significant effects on the most studied traits.

To adapt to the diversity of hybrid rice and meet its requirements of precision seeding, a rice pneumatic seeder with adjustable seeding rates was designed in this study. The seeder employed an independent vortex pump to provide the air source for the seed metering device. According to the requirements of air flow in the seed metering device, a sub-pipeline and a general pipeline were designed. The performances of the two types of pipelines were verified by the air pressure uniformity tests. The results showed that the sub-pipeline can distribute the air pressure more evenly than the general pipeline. The coefficient of variation of the sub-pipeline pressure was less than 5%. Wuyou 1179 hybrid rice was selected as the experimental object. The field seeding tests were carried out with different negative pressures and different numbers of groups of sucking holes as experimental factors. The results showed that the average qualified rate of seeding was 93.35% when only 2 groups of sucking holes were working under the seed sucking negative pressure of 2.0 kPa. The average qualified rate of seeding was 87.21% when 3 groups of sucking holes were working under the seed sucking negative pressure of 1.6 kPa. The average qualified rate of seeding was 83.73% when 4 groups of sucking holes were working under the seed sucking negative pressure of 1.6 kPa. The average qualified rate of seeding was 79.86% when 5 groups of sucking holes were working under the seed sucking negative pressure of 1.6 kPa. The main factors affecting the seeding effect were analyzed and the feasibility of a rice pneumatic seeder with adjustable seeding rates was verified by field tests. The research results can provide a basis for its practical production and application.

The inhibition of low-position tillering in machine-transplanted seedlings affects rice yields. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator that can improve seedling quality and promote low-position tillering in machine-transplanted seedlings. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the promotion of tiller bud formation induced by exogenous PBZ via sucrose transport remain unclear. Thus, rice cultivar ‘Yongyou 12’ was used to analyze the effects of different seeding rates and the application of exogenous PBZ, gibberellin (GA3), and water (control) on sucrose transport and metabolism as well as tiller bud development. Exogenous PBZ application combined with a low seeding rate significantly increased the number of tillers as well as seedling fullness (by 42.35%). Increases were also detected for the seedling cytokinin content, chlorophyll content (by 10.55%), and sucrose transport from leaves to the stem base. These changes were associated with the upregulated expression of sucrose transporter genes in leaves and the stem base, as well as increased activities of key sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in the stem base. Notably, the opposite trend was observed after exogenous GA3 was applied or a high seeding rate was used. Hence, a low seeding rate combined with exogenous PBZ application is useful for controlling seedling height, promoting the formation of low-position tillering, facilitate sucrose translocation from leaves to the stem base, and increasing sucrose metabolism in the basal part of rice plants. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing low-position tillering in machine-transplanted seedlings.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between the path coefficient and seed rate for four different barley cultivars (Amal, Ibaa 265, Ibaa 99, and Buhooth 244) during the 2019-2020 winter season. The experiment was carried out using a split plot design with three replications according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The highest positive thru effect on grain yield was found for flag leaf area and harvest index at aseeding rate of 130 kg.h -1 ; the highest positive direct effect on grain yield was found for flag leaf area and plant height at aseeding rate of 160 kg.h -1 ; and the highest positive direct effect on yield was found for biological yield and harvest index at a seeding rate of 190 kg.ha -1 . Because of this, it can be used as proof of selective breeding for increased yield in barley by plant breeders.