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One-step adsorptive purification of ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) from four-component gas mixtures comprising acetylene (C 2 H 2 ), ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), ethane (C 2 H 6 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is an unmet challenge in the area of commodity purification. Herein, we report that the ultramicroporous sorbent Zn-atz-oba (H 2 oba = 4,4-dicarboxyl diphenyl ether; Hatz = 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole) enables selective adsorption of C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 and CO 2 over C 2 H 4 thanks to the binding sites that lie in its undulating pores. Molecular simulations provide insight into the binding sites in Zn-atz-oba that are responsible for coadsorption of C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 and CO 2 over C 2 H 4 . Dynamic breakthrough experiments demonstrate that the selective binding exhibited by Zn-atz-oba can produce polymer-grade purity (>99.95%) C 2 H 4 from binary (1:1 for C 2 H 4 /C 2 H 6 ), ternary (1:1:1 for C 2 H 2 /C 2 H 4 /C 2 H 6 ) and quaternary (1:1:1:1 for C 2 H 2 /C 2 H 4 /C 2 H 6 /CO 2 ) gas mixtures in a single step. The purification of ethylene is an industrially relevant process. Here, the authors report the one-step separation of ethylene from quaternary gas mixtures of hydrocarbons and CO 2 using a single metal–organic framework-based physisorbent.

The selective coupling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to specific G proteins is critical to trigger the appropriate physiological response. However, the determinants of selective binding have remained elusive. Here we reveal the existence of a selectivity barcode (that is, patterns of amino acids) on each of the 16 human G proteins that is recognized by distinct regions on the approximately 800 human receptors. Although universally conserved positions in the barcode allow the receptors to bind and activate G proteins in a similar manner, different receptors recognize the unique positions of the G-protein barcode through distinct residues, like multiple keys (receptors) opening the same lock (G protein) using non-identical cuts. Considering the evolutionary history of GPCRs allows the identification of these selectivity-determining residues. These findings lay the foundation for understanding the molecular basis of coupling selectivity within individual receptors and G proteins. The identification of the positions and patterns of amino acids that form the selectivity determinants for the entire human G-protein and G-protein-coupled receptor signalling system. Decoding GPCR selective interactions G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) trigger the appropriate cellular response to extracellular stimuli by selective interactions with cytosolic G proteins. Elucidating the molecular basis of this selective binding has been challenging. Here, Madan Babu and colleagues perform an analysis to determine the positions and patterns of amino acids that form the selectivity determinants for the entire human GPCR–G-protein signalling system. By considering the evolutionary history of the receptors, they identify a selectivity 'barcode' on each of the 16 Gα proteins that is recognized by different regions on the roughly 800 receptors. The authors provide an online, interactive platform that allows researchers to analyse selectivity-determining residues for any receptor and G protein.

N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) is the most common internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA. It is dynamically installed and removed, and acts as a new layer of mRNA metabolism, regulating biological processes including stem cell pluripotency, cell differentiation, and energy homeostasis. m 6 A is recognized by selective binding proteins; YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 work in concert to affect the translation of m 6 A-containing mRNAs, YTHDF2 expedites mRNA decay, and YTHDC1 affects the nuclear processing of its targets. The biological function of YTHDC2, the final member of the YTH protein family, remains unknown. We report that YTHDC2 selectively binds m 6 A at its consensus motif. YTHDC2 enhances the translation efficiency of its targets and also decreases their mRNA abundance. Ythdc2 knockout mice are infertile; males have significantly smaller testes and females have significantly smaller ovaries compared to those of littermates. The germ cells of Ythdc2 knockout mice do not develop past the zygotene stage and accordingly, Ythdc2 is upregulated in the testes as meiosis begins. Thus, YTHDC2 is an m 6 A-binding protein that plays critical roles during spermatogenesis.

The separation of xylene isomers ( para -, meta -, orth -) remains a great challenge in the petrochemical industry due to their similar molecular structure and physical properties. Porous materials with sensitive nanospace and selective binding sites for discriminating the subtle structural difference of isomers are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate the adaptively molecular discrimination of xylene isomers by employing a NbOF 5 2− -pillared metal–organic framework (NbOFFIVE-bpy-Ni, also referred to as ZU-61) with rotational anionic sites. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicate that ZU-61 with guest-responsive nanospace/sites can adapt the shape of specific isomers through geometric deformation and/or the rotation of fluorine atoms in anionic sites, thereby enabling ZU-61 to effectively differentiate xylene isomers through multiple C–H···F interactions. ZU-61 exhibited both high meta -xylene uptake capacity (3.4 mmol g −1 ) and meta -xylene/ para -xylene separation selectivity (2.9, obtained from breakthrough curves), as well as a favorable separation sequence as confirmed by breakthrough experiments: para -xylene elute first with high-purity (≥99.9%), then meta -xylene, and orth -xylene. Such a remarkable performance of ZU-61 can be attributed to the type anionic binding sites together with its guest-response properties. The separation of xylene isomers remains a great challenge in industry due to their similar molecular structure and physical properties. Here the authors demonstrate adaptively molecular discrimination of xylene isomers by employing a NbOF 5 2− -pillared metal–organic framework with rotational anionic sites.

The separation of molecules with similar size and shape is an important technological challenge. For example, rare gases can pose either an economic opportunity or an environmental hazard and there is a need to separate these spherical molecules selectively at low concentrations in air. Likewise, chiral molecules are important building blocks for pharmaceuticals, but chiral enantiomers, by definition, have identical size and shape, and their separation can be challenging. Here we show that a porous organic cage molecule has unprecedented performance in the solid state for the separation of rare gases, such as krypton and xenon. The selectivity arises from a precise size match between the rare gas and the organic cage cavity, as predicted by molecular simulations. Breakthrough experiments demonstrate real practical potential for the separation of krypton, xenon and radon from air at concentrations of only a few parts per million. We also demonstrate selective binding of chiral organic molecules such as 1-phenylethanol, suggesting applications in enantioselective separation. A porous organic-cage molecule is shown to exhibit unprecedented performance for the separation of rare gases, with selectivity arising from a precise size match between the rare gas and the organic-cage cavity.

The histone acetyl transferase KAT2A (also known as GCN5) can also catalyse histone succinylation, with the α-KGDH complex providing a local source of succinyl-CoA. GCN5 in histone succyinylation Succinylation of lysines has been identified as a post-translational modification of histones, but the enzymes that deposit it and its functional consequences are unknown. Here, Zhimin Lu and colleagues find that GCN5, a known histone acetyl transferase, can also catalyse histone succinylation. GCN5 interacts with nuclear succinyl-CoA and with the enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), which generates a local source of succinyl-CoA. The complex of GCN5 and α-KGDH can regulate histone H3K79 succinylation around transcription start sites and affect gene expression. The authors also show that a reduction in H3K79 succinylation is associated with inhibited proliferation of tumour cells in mice. Histone modifications, such as the frequently occurring lysine succinylation 1 , 2 , are central to the regulation of chromatin-based processes. However, the mechanism and functional consequences of histone succinylation are unknown. Here we show that the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) complex is localized in the nucleus in human cell lines and binds to lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A, also known as GCN5) in the promoter regions of genes. We show that succinyl-coenzyme A (succinyl-CoA) binds to KAT2A. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of KAT2A in complex with succinyl-CoA at 2.3 Å resolution shows that succinyl-CoA binds to a deep cleft of KAT2A with the succinyl moiety pointing towards the end of a flexible loop 3, which adopts different structural conformations in succinyl-CoA-bound and acetyl-CoA-bound forms. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that tyrosine 645 in this loop has an important role in the selective binding of succinyl-CoA over acetyl-CoA. KAT2A acts as a succinyltransferase and succinylates histone H3 on lysine 79, with a maximum frequency around the transcription start sites of genes. Preventing the α-KGDH complex from entering the nucleus, or expression of KAT2A(Tyr645Ala), reduces gene expression and inhibits tumour cell proliferation and tumour growth. These findings reveal an important mechanism of histone modification and demonstrate that local generation of succinyl-CoA by the nuclear α-KGDH complex coupled with the succinyltransferase activity of KAT2A is instrumental in histone succinylation, tumour cell proliferation, and tumour development.

Many drugs target the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), including second-generation antipsychotics that also target the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). These drugs often produce severe side effects due to non-selective binding to other aminergic receptors. Here, we report the structures of human 5-HT2AR in complex with the second-generation antipsychotics risperidone and zotepine. These antipsychotics effectively stabilize the inactive conformation by forming direct contacts with the residues at the bottom of the ligand-binding pocket, the movements of which are important for receptor activation. 5-HT2AR is structurally similar to 5-HT2CR but possesses a unique side-extended cavity near the orthosteric binding site. A docking study and mutagenic studies suggest that a highly 5-HT2AR-selective antagonist binds the side-extended cavity. The conformation of the ligand-binding pocket in 5-HT2AR significantly differs around extracellular loops 1 and 2 from that in D2R. These findings are beneficial for the rational design of safer antipsychotics and 5-HT2AR-selective drugs.Structures of human 5-HT2AR in complex with several drugs reveal a side-extended cavity that is unique for this receptor, while molecular docking suggests that a highly 5-HT2AR-selective antagonist binds residues within this cavity.

The global emergency caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic can only be solved with effective and widespread preventive and therapeutic strategies, and both are still insufficient. Here, we describe an ultrathin two-dimensional CuInP 2 S 6 (CIPS) nanosheet as a new agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection. CIPS exhibits an extremely high and selective binding capacity (dissociation constant ( K D ) < 1 pM) for the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern, including Delta and Omicron, inhibiting virus entry and infection in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-bearing cells, human airway epithelial organoids and human ACE2-transgenic mice. On association with CIPS, the virus is quickly phagocytosed and eliminated by macrophages, suggesting that CIPS could be successfully used to capture and facilitate virus elimination by the host. Thus, we propose CIPS as a promising nanodrug for future safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy, and as a decontamination agent and surface-coating material to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. While vaccines have curbed the COVID-19 pandemic, effective therapeutic treatments are few, and might be challenged by SARS-CoV-2 variants. A biocompatible, antiviral two-dimensional nanomaterial is now reported that firmly adsorbs the virus by interaction with the spike protein, inducing the conformational changes that lead to inhibition of viral infection in vitro and in animal models.

Despite mammalian glycans typically having highly complex asymmetrical multiantennary architectures, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has almost exclusively focused on the preparation of simpler symmetrical structures. This deficiency hampers investigations into the biology of glycan-binding proteins, which in turn complicates the biomedical use of this class of biomolecules. Herein, we describe an enzymatic strategy, using a limited number of human glycosyltransferases, to access a collection of 60 asymmetric, multiantennary human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which were used to develop a glycan microarray. Probing the array with several glycan-binding proteins uncovered that not only terminal glycoepitopes but also complex architectures of glycans can influence binding selectivity in unanticipated manners. N- and O-linked glycans express structural elements of HMOs, and thus, the reported synthetic principles will find broad applicability.

The spread of pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) is a crucial event in the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Cell surface receptors such as lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) and amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) can preferentially bind α-syn in the amyloid over monomeric state to initiate cell-to-cell transmission. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this selective binding is unknown. Here, we perform an array of biophysical experiments and reveal that LAG3 D1 and APLP1 E1 domains commonly use an alkaline surface to bind the acidic C terminus, especially residues 118 to 140, of α-syn. The formation of amyloid fibrils not only can disrupt the intramolecular interactions between the C terminus and the amyloid-forming core of α-syn but can also condense the C terminus on fibril surface, which remarkably increase the binding affinity of α-syn to the receptors. Based on this mechanism, we find that phosphorylation at serine 129 (pS129), a hallmark modification of pathological α-syn, can further enhance the interaction between α-syn fibrils and the receptors. This finding is further confirmed by the higher efficiency of pS129 fibrils in cellular internalization, seeding, and inducing PD-like α-syn pathology in transgenic mice. Our work illuminates the mechanistic understanding on the spread of pathological α-syn and provides structural information for therapeutic targeting on the interaction of α-syn fibrils and receptors as a potential treatment for PD.