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Prior approaches that leverage identity to motivate prosocial behavior are often limited to the set of people who already strongly identify with an organization (e.g., prior donors) or by the costs and challenges associated with developing stronger organization-linked identities among a broader audience (e.g., encouraging more people to care). In contrast, this research demonstrates that small prosocial gifts, such as tips or small donations, can be encouraged by framing the act of giving as an opportunity to express identity-relevant preferences—even if such preferences are not explicitly related to prosociality or the organization in need. Rather than simply asking people to give, the \"dueling preferences\" approach investigated in this research frames the act of giving as a choice between two options (e.g., cats vs. dogs, chocolate vs. vanilla ice cream). Dueling preferences increases prosocial giving by providing potential givers with a greater opportunity for self-expression—an intrinsically desirable opportunity. Seven experiments conducted in the laboratory, online, and in the field support this theorized process while casting doubt on relevant alternatives. This research contributes to work on self-expression and identity and sheds light on how organizations can encourage prosocial behavior.

This collection departs from the observation that online forms of communication—the email, blog, text message, tweet—are actually haunted by old epistolary forms: the letter and the diary. By examining the omnipresence of writing across a variety of media, the collection adds the category of Epistolary Screens to genres of self-expression, both literary (letters, diaries, auto-biographies) and screenic (romance dramas, intercultural cinema, essay films, artists’ videos and online media). The category Epistolary encapsulates an increasingly paradoxical relation between writing and the self: first, it describes selves that are written in graphic detail via letters, diaries, blogs, texts, emails and tweets; second, it acknowledges that absence complicates communication, bringing people together in an entangled rather than ordered way. The collection concerns itself with the changing visual/textual texture of screen media and examines what is at stake for our understanding of self-expression when it takes Epistolary forms.

Purpose This study aims to follow a rigorous approach to identify, critically analyze and synthesize 75 papers published from 2000 to 2022. Design/methodology/approach The study presents a systematic literature review on identity expressiveness (IE), clarifying and expanding what is currently known about the concept. Findings To synthesize current knowledge on IE, the study uses the overarching framework of antecedents-phenomenon-consequences, using this same framework to identify gaps and future research directions. The findings show individual and brand-related factors such as the need for uniqueness and anthropomorphism as antecedents of IE, and eWOM/WOM, impulse purchases and upgrading to more exclusive lines as consequences of IE. Research limitations/implications The study contributes to theory by synthesizing and mapping current understanding of the state of knowledge on the concept of IE while highlighting gaps in the extant literature and paving future research directions for scholars in the field. Practical implications The study offers useful insights for practitioners, broadening marketers’ actionable options in identity-based marketing. Marketers can use insights from this study to inform marketing strategy and communication campaigns for different types of brands. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first of its kind and offers an integrative review of the current literature on IE, thus enhancing understanding of the concept, its antecedents and consequences. The study also contributes to knowledge by highlighting future research priorities for researchers in this field of enquiry.

Abstract Introduction Social relationships are important for health. In some relationships, women learn to self-silence, or to inhibit self-expression to avoid conflict or loss. Self-silencing is associated with reported psychiatric and physical symptoms, but no studies have examined whether self-silencing is related to worse sleep or cardiovascular (CV) health. We tested relationships of self-silencing to sleep and carotid plaque in midlife women; secondary analyses examined whether sleep mediated or moderated relationships between self-silencing and plaque. Methods In an ongoing community-based study of nonsmoking women, 304 women aged 40-60 were assessed at baseline; 157 of these women have been assessed 5 years later. At baseline, women reported on self-expression in their current/last intimate relationship via the Silencing the Self Scale. At both visits, women provided self-reports (demographics, medical history, CESD depression, PSQI sleep quality), physical measures, actigraphy (total sleep time [TST], wake after sleep onset [WASO], and efficiency), and carotid artery ultrasound to quantify plaque. Relationships of self-silencing and subscales to sleep (subjective and actigraphic sleep at baseline and averaged across visits) and carotid plaque (0, 1, ≥2) were tested in linear regression and multinomial regression models, respectively, adjusted for demographic and health indices, including depressive symptoms and snoring. Results At baseline, women (72% White) were on average 54 years old; 44% reported poor sleep quality, 46% had plaque (24% score ≥2), and average TST, WASO, and efficiency were 6.2 hrs, 46 min, and 84%, respectively. At baseline, self-silencing (particularly the tendency to judge oneself by external standards) was related to worse sleep quality (p=.001), but better actigraphic WASO (p=.02) and efficiency (p=.02). Self-silencing was related to worse average sleep quality across visits (p=.001). Self-silencing related to higher odds of baseline plaque ≥2 [OR(95% CI)=1.14 (1.02,1.28), p=.02], yet sleep did not explain or moderate this relationship. Conclusion Self-silencing was associated with worse subjective, but better actigraphic sleep at baseline, and with poorer sleep quality over 5 years. Self-silencing related to carotid atherosclerosis, yet sleep did not appear to impact this relationship. Emotional expression is relevant to midlife women’s sleep and CV health. Support R01HL105647, K24123565 (RCT); RF1AG053504 (RCT & PM); T32MH018269 (KPJ)

Background Schizophrenia is a common chronic psychological disorder characterized by brain dysfunction, with patients exhibiting cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. Although the patient’s intelligence is almost unaffected, there are abnormal mental activities, and some patients even have cognitive and self-expression deficits. Related studies have shown that drug intervention alone is ineffective. More and more scholars recommend adding psychological intervention to drug therapy for patients with schizophrenia. At present, English linguistic analysis has made some progress in improving patients’ cognitive function and self-expression level. Based on this, the study explored the effect of English linguistic intervention on improving the self-expression ability of patients with schizophrenia. Methods A study recruited 60 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in a certain hospital, including 30 males and 30 females, aged between 18 and 45 years old. All participants received routine treatment prior to the study and met the inclusion criteria of the study. According to the randomized controlled experimental design, patients were divided into a study group and a control group, with equal gender ratios in each group. The control group patients received conventional drug treatment. The research team added English linguistics intervention on this basis, with training content including grammar structure, vocabulary use, and thinking training. The intervention period is two months. Before and after the experiment, the self-expression ability of two groups of patients was evaluated, including grammar accuracy, language coherence, vocabulary accuracy, and emotional expression accuracy, with a scoring range of 0-5 points for each indicator. Results The scoring results of various indicators for the study group and control group patients before and after intervention are shown in Figure 1. According to Figure 1 (a), the study group showed significant improvements in grammar accuracy, language coherence, vocabulary accuracy, and emotional expression accuracy scores before and after treatment, with statistical differences (P<0.05) in the scores before and after treatment. From Figure 1 (b), it can be seen that the control group undergoing English linguistics intervention training did not show significant improvement in various self-expression ability scores, with only grammar accuracy showing a significant improvement, while other indicators did not show statistical differences (P>0.05). In addition, in the inter group comparison, there was no statistical difference in the indicators between the two groups before intervention. After intervention, the scores of various indicators in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Discussion The results of the study indicate that English linguistic intervention can significantly improve the self-expression ability of patients with schizophrenia, specifically in terms of grammar accuracy, language coherence, vocabulary accuracy, and emotional expression accuracy. Indicating that linguistic intervention can help improve the language expression ability of patients with schizophrenia, enhance their cognitive function and emotional expression accuracy. Future research can focus on comparing different linguistic intervention methods to explore whether certain specific language training patterns have higher efficiency in improving patients’ language abilities.

Socialization theory has focused on enculturating new employees such that they develop pride in their new organization and internalize its values. We draw on authenticity research to theorize that the initial stage of socialization leads to more effective employment relationships when it instead primarily encourages newcomers to express their personal identities. In a field experiment carried out in a large business process outsourcing company in India, we found that initial socialization focused on personal identity (emphasizing newcomers' authentic best selves) led to greater customer satisfaction and employee retention after six months than socialization that focused on organizational identity (emphasizing the pride to be gained from organizational affiliation) or the organization's traditional approach, which focused primarily on skills training. To confirm causation and explore the mechanisms underlying the effects, we replicated the results in a laboratory experiment in a U.S. university. We found that individuals working temporarily as part of a research team were more engaged and satisfied with their work, performed their tasks more effectively, and were less likely to quit when initial socialization focused on personal identity rather than on organizational identity or a control condition. In addition, authentic self-expression mediated these relationships. We call for a new direction in socialization theory that examines how both organizations and employees can benefit by emphasizing newcomers' authentic best selves.

The idea that consumers use brands to express their identities has led many companies to reposition their products from focusing on functional attributes to focusing on how they fit into a consumer's lifestyle. This repositioning is welcomed by managers who believe that by positioning their brands as means for self-expression, they are less likely to go head-to-head with their direct competitors. However, the authors argue that by doing so, these companies expose themselves to much broader, cross-category competition for a share of a consumer's identity. Thus, they propose that consumers' need for self-expression through brands is finite and can be satiated when consumers are exposed to self-expressive brands. Moreover, they argue that consumers' need for self-expression can be satiated not only by a brand's direct competitors but also by brands from unrelated product categories, nonbrand means of self-expression, and self-expressive behavioral acts. The authors examine these propositions in a series of five empirical studies that provide converging evidence in support of the notion that the need for selfexpression can be satiated, thus weakening preferences for lifestyle brands.

In this article, we review recent developments in the study of emotional expression within a basic emotion framework. Dozens of new studies find that upwards of 20 emotions are signaled in multimodal and dynamic patterns of expressive behavior. Moving beyond word to stimulus matching paradigms, new studies are detailing the more nuanced and complex processes involved in emotion recognition and the structure of how people perceive emotional expression. Finally, we consider new studies documenting contextual influences upon emotion recognition. We conclude by extending these recent findings to questions about emotion-related physiology and the mammalian precursors of human emotion.

Abstract Culture fundamentally shapes people’s reasoning, behavior, and communication. As people increasingly use generative artificial intelligence (AI) to expedite and automate personal and professional tasks, cultural values embedded in AI models may bias people’s authentic expression and contribute to the dominance of certain cultures. We conduct a disaggregated evaluation of cultural bias for five widely used large language models (OpenAI’s GPT-4o/4-turbo/4/3.5-turbo/3) by comparing the models’ responses to nationally representative survey data. All models exhibit cultural values resembling English-speaking and Protestant European countries. We test cultural prompting as a control strategy to increase cultural alignment for each country/territory. For later models (GPT-4, 4-turbo, 4o), this improves the cultural alignment of the models’ output for 71–81% of countries and territories. We suggest using cultural prompting and ongoing evaluation to reduce cultural bias in the output of generative AI.

This article explores aspects, transformations, and dynamics of the ideological control of the internet in Russia. It analyses the strategies of actors across the Russian online space which contribute to this state-driven ideological control. The tightening of legislative regulation over the last 10 years to control social media and digital self-expression in Russia is relatively well studied. However, there is a lack of research on how the control of the internet works at a structural level. Namely, how it isolates “echo chambers” of oppositional discourses while also creating a massive flood of pro-state information and opinions. This article argues that the strategy of the Russian state to control the internet over the last 10 years has changed considerably. From creating troll factories and bots to distort communication in social media, the state is progressively moving towards a strategy of creating a huge state-oriented information flood to “litter” online space. Such a strategy relies on the generation of news resources which attract large volumes of traffic, which leads to such “trash information” dominating the internet.