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"Self-reporting"
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Diary of a misfit : a memoir and a mystery
\"When Casey Parks came out as a lesbian in college back in 2002, she assumed her life in the rural South was over. Her mother shunned her, and her pastor asked God to kill her. But then Parks' grandmother, a stern conservative who grew up picking cotton, shared a story about her childhood friend, Roy Hudgins, a musician who was allegedly kidnapped as a baby and was \"a woman who lived as a man.\" \"Find out what happened to Roy,\" Casey's grandma implored. Part memoir, part investigative reporting, Diary of a Misfit is the story of Parks' life-changing journey to unravel the mysteries of Roy's life, all the while confronting ghosts of her own. For ten years, Parks knocked on strangers' doors, dug through nursing home records, and doggedly searched for Roy's own diaries, trying to uncover what Roy was like as a person-what he felt; what he thought; and how he grappled with his sense of otherness. As Parks traces Roy's story, Parks is forced to reckon with long-buried memories and emotions surrounding her own sexuality, her fraught Southern identity, her tortured yet loving relationship with her mother, and the complicated role of faith in her life. With an enormous heart and an unstinting sense of vulnerability, Parks writes about finding oneself through someone else's story, and about forging connections across the gulfs that divide us\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
General Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (GAToRS): A New Instrument for Social Surveys
Psychometric scales are useful tools in understanding people’s attitudes towards different aspects of life. As societies develop and new technologies arise, new validated scales are needed. Robots and artificial intelligences of various kinds are about to occupy just about every niche in human society. Several tools to measure fears and anxieties about robots do exist, but there is a definite lack of tools to measure hopes and expectations for these new technologies. Here, we create and validate a novel multi-dimensional scale which measures people’s attitudes towards robots, giving equal weight to positive and negative attitudes. Our scale differentiates (a) comfort and enjoyment around robots, (b) unease and anxiety around robots, (c) rational hopes about robots in general (at societal level) and (d) rational worries about robots in general (at societal level). The scale was developed by extracting items from previous scales, crowdsourcing new items, testing through 3 scale iterations by exploratory factor analysis (Ns 135, 801 and 609) and validated in its final form of the scale by confirmatory factor analysis (N: 477). We hope our scale will be a useful instrument for social scientists who wish to study human-technology relations with a validated scale in efficient and generalizable ways.
Journal Article
The final exam
When a reporter plans an exposâe that could shut down the School of Fear, Garrison, Lulu, Madeleine, and Theo seek help from Bishop Basmati, head of the nearby Contrary Academy, whose hyperactive, fearless, and extremely impulsive students soon overrun the School of Fear.
Book
Contactless Tracking of Decomposition in Self‐Reporting Ceramic Cr‐Al‐B Coatings
Autonomous health tracking of coated components via electrical resistance measurements requires physical connections between coating and readout. Here, the proof of concept for contactless tracking of decomposition in autonomous self‐reporting Cr‐Al‐B coatings is demonstrated. Contactless‐monitored electrical resistance changes of Cr0.34Al0.31B0.35 coatings reveal decomposition of Cr2AlB2 and Cr3AlB4 to CrB and CrB2. Comparison of contactless‐measured resistance data with in situ and ex situ high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, as well as ex situ X‐ray diffraction and elastic‐recoil detection analysis, reveals the untapped potential of assessing materials health data in extreme environments. More sustainable materials consumption is enabled by continuous or periodic contactless tracking of materials health data as the individual remaining component lifetime is utilized instead of the much shorter lifetime prediction resulting from safety‐factor‐based design approaches. Proof of concept for contactless tracking of decomposition in self‐reporting ceramic Cr‐Al‐B coatings in extreme environments by contactless resistivity measurements is demonstrated. To verify the results, high resolution in situ and ex situ methods are employed. A more sustainable resource usage is enabled by the contactless tracking of materials health data.
Journal Article
Autophagy‐Activated Self‐reporting Photosensitizer Promoting Cell Mortality in Cancer Starvation Therapy
Cancer starvation therapy have received continuous attention as an efficient method to fight against wide‐spectrum cancer. However, during cancer starvation therapy, the protective autophagy promotes cancer cells survival, compromising the therapeutic effect. Herein, a novel strategy by combination of autophagy‐activated fluorescent photosensitizers (PSs) and cancer starvation therapy to realize the controllable and efficient ablation of tumor is conceived. Two dual‐emissive self‐reporting aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), TPAQ and TPAP, with autophagy‐activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation are prepared to fight against the protective autophagy in cancer starvation therapy. When protective autophagy occurs, a portion of TPAQ and TPAP will translocate from lipid droplets to acidic lysosomes with significant redshift in fluorescence emission and enhanced ROS generation ability. The accumulation of ROS induced by TPAQ‐H and TPAP‐H causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which further results in cell apoptosis and promotes cell death. In addition, TPAQ and TPAP can enable the real‐time self‐reporting to cell autophagy and cell death process by observing the change of red‐emissive fluorescence signals. Particularly, the efficient ablation of tumor via the combination of cancer starvation therapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) induced by TPAQ has been successfully confirmed in 3D tumor spheroid chip, suggesting the validation of this strategy. Dual‐emissive self‐reporting AIEgens, TPAQ, and TPAP, have been constructed as autophagy‐activated photosensitizers to fight against the protective autophagy in cancer starvation therapy. When protective autophagy occurs, a portion of AIEgens translocate from lipid droplets to lysosomes with red‐shifted emission and enhanced ROS generation ability. The accumulation of ROS in lysosomes causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization, further promoting cancer cell mortality.
Journal Article
App-Based Tracking of Self-Reported COVID-19 Symptoms: Analysis of Questionnaire Data
COVID-19 is an infectious disease characterized by various clinical presentations. Knowledge of possible symptoms and their distribution allows for the early identification of infected patients.
To determine the distribution pattern of COVID-19 symptoms as well as possible unreported symptoms, we created an app-based self-reporting tool.
The COVID-19 Symptom Tracker is an app-based daily self-reporting tool. Between April 8 and May 15, 2020, a total of 22,327 individuals installed this app on their mobile device. An initial questionnaire asked for demographic information (age, gender, postal code) and past medical history comprising relevant chronic diseases. The participants were reminded daily to report whether they were experiencing any symptoms and if they had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants who sought health care services were asked additional questions regarding diagnostics and treatment. Participation was open to all adults (≥18 years). The study was completely anonymous.
In total, 11,829 (52.98%) participants completed the symptom questionnaire at least once. Of these, 291 (2.46%) participants stated that they had undergone an RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) test for SARS-CoV-2; 65 (0.55%) reported a positive test result and 226 (1.91%) a negative one. The mean number of reported symptoms among untested participants was 0.81 (SD 1.85). Participants with a positive test result had, on average, 5.63 symptoms (SD 2.82). The most significant risk factors were diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 8.95, 95% CI 3.30-22.37) and chronic heart disease (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.43-5.69). We identified chills, fever, loss of smell, nausea and vomiting, and shortness of breath as the top five strongest predictors for a COVID-19 infection. The odds ratio for loss of smell was 3.13 (95% CI 1.76-5.58). Nausea and vomiting (OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.61-5.00) had been reported as an uncommon symptom previously; however, our data suggest a significant predictive value.
Self-reported symptom tracking helps to identify novel symptoms of COVID-19 and to estimate the predictive value of certain symptoms. This aids in the development of reliable screening tools. Clinical screening with a high pretest probability allows for the rapid identification of infections and the cost-effective use of testing resources. Based on our results, we suggest that loss of smell and taste be considered cardinal symptoms; we also stress that diabetes is a risk factor for a highly symptomatic course of COVID-19 infection.
Journal Article
Detecting Multi-Scale Defects in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites: A Review of Challenges and Advanced Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
Additive manufacturing (AM) defects present significant challenges in fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites (FRTPCs), directly impacting both their structural and non-structural performance. In structures produced through material extrusion-based AM, specifically fused filament fabrication (FFF), the layer-by-layer deposition can introduce defects such as porosity (up to 10–15% in some cases), delamination, voids, fiber misalignment, and incomplete fusion between layers. These defects compromise mechanical properties, leading to reduction of up to 30% in tensile strength and, in some cases, up to 20% in fatigue life, severely diminishing the composite’s overall performance and structural integrity. Conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques often struggle to detect such multi-scale defects efficiently, especially when resolution, penetration depth, or material heterogeneity pose challenges. This review critically examines manufacturing defects in FRTPCs, classifying FFF-induced defects based on morphology, location, and size. Advanced NDT techniques, such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which is capable of detecting voids smaller than 10 µm, and structural health monitoring (SHM) systems integrated with self-sensing fibers, are discussed. The role of machine-learning (ML) algorithms in enhancing the sensitivity and reliability of NDT methods is also highlighted, showing that ML integration can improve defect detection by up to 25–30% compared to traditional NDT techniques. Finally, the potential of self-reporting FRTPCs, equipped with continuous fibers for real-time defect detection and in situ SHM, is investigated. By integrating ML-enhanced NDT with self-reporting FRTPCs, the accuracy and efficiency of defect detection can be significantly improved, fostering broader adoption of AM in aerospace applications by enabling the production of more reliable, defect-minimized FRTPC components.
Journal Article
Validity of self‐reported hypertension and related factors in the adult population: Preliminary results from the cohort in the west of Iran
This study aimed to investigate the validity of self‐reported hypertension and related factors in the Dehgolan Prospective Cohort Study (DehPCS). Data were obtained from 3996 participants aged 35–70 years in the enrolment phase of DehPCS. Self‐reported hypertension and sociodemographic factors were collected by well‐trained interviewers before hypertension diagnosis based on the reference criteria. The history of anti‐hypertensive medication use and/or systolic blood pressure ≥140 (mmHg), or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 (mmHg) were considered as hypertension. Disagreement between self‐reported and reference measures was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and kappa values. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used to investigate the correlates of validity of self‐reported hypertension. The hypertension prevalence based on self‐reports and the reference criteria was 19.49% and 21.60%, respectively. An acceptable percentage of kappa agreement value of 68.7% and relatively good overall agreement of 89.8% were found. Self‐reported hypertension was guaranteed moderate sensitivity of 72.0% and high specificity of 94.5%, as well as the NPV and PPV of 92/7% and 77/9%, respectively. The chances of false‐positive and false‐negative reporting increased with older age, higher BMI, and a family history of hypertension. Being female, older age, higher BMI, concurrent diabetes, and stronger family ties to hypertension patients significantly increased the chance of reporting true positives relative to true negatives. Although, self‐reported hypertension has an acceptable validity and can be used as a valid tool for screening epidemiological studies, it needs to be investigated because its validity is affected by age, gender, family history of hypertension, and other socio‐demographic characteristics.
Journal Article
Anchoring Bias in Recall Data: Evidence from Central America
Self-reported retrospective survey data is widely used in empirical work but may be subject to cognitive biases, even over relatively short recall periods. This paper examines the role of anchoring bias in self-reports of objective and subjective outcomes under recall. We use a unique panel-survey dataset of smallholder farmers from four countries in Central America collected over a period of three years. We exploit differences between recalled and concurrent responses to quantify the degree of mental anchoring in survey recall data. We assess whether respondents use their reported value for the most recent period as a cognitive heuristic when recalling the value from a previous period, while controlling for the value they reported earlier. The results show strong evidence of sizeable anchoring bias in self-reported retrospective indicators for both objective measures (income, wages, and working hours) and subjective measures (reports of happiness, health, stress, and well-being). We also generally observe a larger bias in response to negative changes for objective indicators and a larger bias in response to positive changes for subjective indicators.
Journal Article
Severity and Management of Adverse Drug Reactions Reported by Patients and Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Adverse drug reaction (ADR) severity levels are mainly rated by healthcare professionals (HCPs), but patient ratings are limited. This study aimed to compare patient-rated and pharmacist-rated ADR severity levels and determined methods employed for ADR management and prevention by patients and HCPs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in outpatients visiting two hospitals. Patients were asked about ADR experiences using a self-administered questionnaire, and additional information was retrieved from the medical records. In total, 617 out of 5594 patients had experienced ADRs (11.0%), but 419 patients were valid (68.0%). Patients commonly reported that their ADR severity level was moderate (39.4%), whereas pharmacists rated the ADRs as mild (52.5%). There was little agreement between patient-rated and pharmacist-rated ADR severity levels (κ = 0.144; p < 0.001). The major method of ADR management by physicians was drug withdrawal (84.7%), while for patients, it was physician consultation (67.5%). The main methods for ADR prevention by patients and HCPs were carrying an allergy card (37.2%) and recording drug allergy history (51.1%), respectively. A higher level of ADR bothersomeness was associated with higher ADR severity levels (p < 0.001). Patients and HCPs rated ADR severity and used ADR management and prevention methods differently. However, patient rating of ADR severity is a potential signal for severe ADR detection of HCPs.
Journal Article