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Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained tremendous popularity recently, especially the use of natural language processing (NLP). ChatGPT is a state-of-the-art chatbot capable of creating natural conversations using NLP. The use of AI in medicine can have a tremendous impact on health care delivery. Although some studies have evaluated ChatGPT's accuracy in self-diagnosis, there is no research regarding its precision and the degree to which it recommends medical consultations. The aim of this study was to evaluate ChatGPT's ability to accurately and precisely self-diagnose common orthopedic diseases, as well as the degree of recommendation it provides for medical consultations. Over a 5-day course, each of the study authors submitted the same questions to ChatGPT. The conditions evaluated were carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), cervical myelopathy (CM), lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and hip osteoarthritis (HOA). Answers were categorized as either correct, partially correct, incorrect, or a differential diagnosis. The percentage of correct answers and reproducibility were calculated. The reproducibility between days and raters were calculated using the Fleiss κ coefficient. Answers that recommended that the patient seek medical attention were recategorized according to the strength of the recommendation as defined by the study. The ratios of correct answers were 25/25, 1/25, 24/25, 16/25, and 17/25 for CTS, CM, LSS, KOA, and HOA, respectively. The ratios of incorrect answers were 23/25 for CM and 0/25 for all other conditions. The reproducibility between days was 1.0, 0.15, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.6 for CTS, CM, LSS, KOA, and HOA, respectively. The reproducibility between raters was 1.0, 0.1, 0.64, -0.12, and 0.04 for CTS, CM, LSS, KOA, and HOA, respectively. Among the answers recommending medical attention, the phrases \"essential,\" \"recommended,\" \"best,\" and \"important\" were used. Specifically, \"essential\" occurred in 4 out of 125, \"recommended\" in 12 out of 125, \"best\" in 6 out of 125, and \"important\" in 94 out of 125 answers. Additionally, 7 out of the 125 answers did not include a recommendation to seek medical attention. The accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT to self-diagnose five common orthopedic conditions were inconsistent. The accuracy could potentially be improved by adding symptoms that could easily identify a specific location. Only a few answers were accompanied by a strong recommendation to seek medical attention according to our study standards. Although ChatGPT could serve as a potential first step in accessing care, we found variability in accurate self-diagnosis. Given the risk of harm with self-diagnosis without medical follow-up, it would be prudent for an NLP to include clear language alerting patients to seek expert medical opinions. We hope to shed further light on the use of AI in a future clinical study.

Awareness of social biases is crucial as they impact both individual behavior and societal outcomes. Whereas previous research indicates that self-awareness of ego-nonthreatening biases enhances self-regulation, the effects of self-awareness of ego-threatening biases remain underexplored. Preliminary findings suggest that awareness of ego-threatening biases related to rumination may lead to maladaptive states. However, these findings await replication with standardized instruments. To address this gap, we conducted two studies. In Study 1 ( N  = 1609), we developed and validated the 12-item Self-Awareness of Ego-Threatening Biases Questionnaire (SAETBQ). Consistent with our hypotheses, self-awareness of ego-threatening biases (as measured by the SAETBQ) correlated with higher moral disengagement, lower self-diagnostic motive, and lower integrative self-knowledge, indicating a tendency towards ego deterioration, whereas self-awareness of ego-nonthreatening biases (as measured by the Metacognitive Self questionnaire) showed the opposite pattern of correlations, indicating a tendency towards beneficial self-regulation. In Study 2 ( N  = 681), Dark Triad traits correlated positively and Light Triad traits negatively with self-awareness of ego-threatening biases. These results underscore the complex role of self-awareness in managing cognitive biases.

Elicited imitation (EI), a short-cut measure of global proficiency in second language (L2) research, requires participants to listen to sentences and repeat them as closely as possible. To support instrument sharing and assessment of L2 proficiency for longitudinal and crosslinguistic research, we created a parallel form of an EI task (EIT) for L2 English originally developed by the third author and colleagues and investigated the reliability and validity of the original and new forms. Eighty-two participants completed the two EITs, an oral narrative task, and a self-diagnostic survey. Both forms exhibited high reliability and good alignment with external criterion measures. Both distinguished well among four proficiency levels in the sample. Further, participants’ perception of EI difficulty aligned well with their EI scores. We suggest some improvements to boost forms equivalence and discuss new insights about the nature of EI as reconstructive, integrative, modality independent, and with indirect links to communicative abilities. Our study seeks to make this English EIT instrument widely useful to the L2 research community.

This study investigates Chinese university EFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs about what determines the text quality of EFL writing via a mixed-method analysis of data collected by questionnaire, interview, and diagnostic and self-diagnostic feedback on students’ essays. The results indicate that: First, both the teachers and students attached much importance to language, but the teachers put significantly more emphasis on organization and content whereas the students put significantly more emphasis on vocabulary; Second, the beliefs of students were heavily influenced by their conceptions of the purposes of EFL writing tasks and the assessment criteria adopted to mark their writing; Third, the disparity between teachers’ and students’ beliefs caused them to emphasize different aspects of an essay when giving feedback; Finally, students’ beliefs had a negative impact on the development of effective writing strategies. Pedagogical implications are suggested.

Purpose - This study aims to propose and test a model of educational quality in marketing-management by incorporating resource-capability variables that are linked to learning outcomes for students and the competitive positioning of universities. Design/methodology/approach - Drawing on the resource-dependence theory, this study develops a comprehensive model for measuring educational quality. A sample comprising Spanish university teachers has been used to test the hypothesised relationships by using a two-stage least squares regression analysis while controlling for the possible effect of the public/private nature of the university. Findings - The results validate the model and show that educational capabilities are reliable variables for predicting the educational quality of marketing-management programmes at Spanish universities. Research limitations/implications - Similar to all educational research studies, certain problems have been acknowledged with respect to the data and the theoretical constructs that are used in the study. Future studies can replicate this study's model by using more direct objective measures of the theoretical constructs and extend the study to other countries with different educational contexts. Practical implications - The results provide guidance to marketing teachers at a university in designing high-quality marketing-management educational programmes and in developing self-diagnostic tools that can determine a university's likelihood of competitive success. Originality/value - This study is one of the few studies to apply the resource-dependence theory to the analysis of the variables associated with the quality of marketing-management education. In doing so, the study presents original multiitem scales to improve the measurement of model constructs.

The following article has two objectivies: first, take a tour of the theory of medicalizatión of everyday life and, second, discuss the scope of medicine in the social relation. Through the later, I propose the idea of analgesic live. My hipótesis is that through the daily use of medicine, especially analgesic medicine, there was a transformaton in the way of understanding life and its problems. Analgesic offered the posibility of temporarily bury aches and pains and thus, daily life and health as status rechead a new ideal. This logic is then expanded to non-medical actvities where we are expected to work similarly. Today we prescribe us daily activites with analgesic reason, as part of self-diagnostic that claims to cure or heal or endure any sense of excessiveness that we can feel in our lives, since health becomes exigency and social analgesia in a need for our time.

Purpose – The principle focus of the European Communication Professional Skills and Innovation (ECOPSI) Research project reported in this paper is to develop understanding of the competences held by senior communication practitioners and the contributing knowledge, skills and personal attributes that are relevant to their role. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on 24 months of desk and empirical work by the research team in three core phases: the benchmarking report based on literature reviews in each country region; quantitative data collection from communication practitioners in 42 countries across Europe; qualitative data from 53 interviews across four senior practitioner roles in the six regions of the study’s focus. Findings – The findings highlight the competencies needed by senior practitioners through the creation of the Communication Role Matrix with critical evaluation of the current contemporary issues faced by the sector. Research limitations/implications – The authors acknowledge a limitation of the study regarding the selection of the four studied professional roles. ECOPSI has proven a common understanding of theses four studied roles in Europe, but further research on the competencies of diverse roles performed in the profession would need to be explored for a more comprehensive appreciation of the full spectrum of public relations and strategic communication practice. Practical implications – The paper draws together findings from across Europe and presents a practical interpretation of the project in the form of an online self-diagnostic tool based on an online portal for practitioners to self-complete. Social implications – The programme improves the professionalism of practitioners across Europe and their ability to work across borders in a European and wider international community of communication practitioners. Originality/value – This study benchmarks the educational and practice landscape in six key regions of Europe to demonstrate that the elements focusing on skills, knowledge and personal attributes of European communication professionals can be synthesised using competences as the foundational element. The originality is also reflected in the self-diagnostic tool for the project based on an online portal.

The relevance of the study is determined by formation of self-treatment and self-diagnostic as the leading trends in modern healthcare in many countries. This fact is confirmed by the increase of the number of search queries with the semantic core of \"health\" in the global network. The object of research in the article are German-language medical popular scientific Internet publications that are studied in the aspect of structuring their textual content and realizable functions. The Internet edition is defined as a virtual resource with media functions. Structural features of the Internet publication are identified: additional content, the vastness of the whole functionalthematic block, the relationship of texts through active links, more illustrated material, interactivity. Functionalthematic blocks of 40 editions are examined in detail in the article, a set of frequency units (food, health, sports, psyche, illness) and unique sections are established. Based on the classifications of communicative functions proposed in linguistics, the relevant functions in medical popular science discourse are revealed: information, advice, warning, entertainment, refutation, advertising. It was established that the information function is realized in all texts of the discourse, but its status (basic or auxiliary) varies depending on the target settings of the text. This research will open possibilities for further study of the medical science popular discourse by considering pragmatic and stylistic aspects.

Collaboration is the key for a school librarian to work successfully at integrating information skills into the school curriculum and to become a vital cog in the teaching and learning cycle within the school. This is easily said, but how do we make it happen? What strategies can we use to develop opportunities for collaboration with teaching staff? How can we foster strong links across the whole learning community of the school? This paper will briefly consider a definition of collaboration and various models of collaboration including their theoretical and pedagogical underpinning. In addition to considering the role and mindset of the teacher librarian, a range of practical macro- and micro-strategies for developing collaboration with teaching staff in an effective and integrated way will be presented; these include technology, special learning needs, building a reading culture, literacy and instructional design. A self-diagnostic tool developed from this paper is offered to enable each teacher librarian to evaluate opportunities for furthering collaboration in his/her school context. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]