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How do people describe events they have witnessed? What role does linguistic aspect play in this process? To provide answers to these questions, we conducted an experiment on aspectual framing. In our task, people were asked to view videotaped vehicular accidents and to describe what happened (perfective framing) or what was happening (imperfective framing). Our analyses of speech and gesture in retellings show that the form of aspect used in the question differentially influenced the way people conceptualized and described actions. Questions framed with imperfective aspect resulted in more motion verbs (e.g. driving), more reckless language (e.g. speeding), and more iconic gestures (e.g. path gesture away from the body to show travel direction) than did questions framed with perfective aspect. Our research contributes novel insights on aspect and the construal of events, and on the semantic potency of aspect in leading questions. The findings are consistent with core assumptions in cognitive linguistics, including the proposal that linguistic meaning, including grammatical meaning, is dynamic and grounded in perceptual and cognitive experience.

The Law and Practice of Restructuring in the UK and US is a practical guide to the restructuring of corporate debt and associated restructuring issues such as employees and pensions, from the perspective of both UK and New York law, the dominant systems of law in the world commercial and financial markets.At a time when many companies are looking at renegotiating and restructuring their debt agreements, this book provides a timely analysis of current techniques and likely developments in the field of corporate restructuring.An expert contributor team from both the US and UK combine their practical experience to cover all aspects of corporate restructuring.Through vivid exposure of the differences between the two jurisdictions, this book considers likely developments in the corporate restructuring landscape, for example the US Chapter 11 paradigm, as well as addressing lessons learned from past issues which are likely to feed into future develompentsWith coverage of techniques available to both stressed and distressed companies, as well as looking at specialist markets and key stakeholders, The Law and Practice of Restructuring in the UK and US is an invaluable guide for banking, finance and insolvency practitioners and their clients, both financial institutions and companies looking to restructure debt, as well as global accountancy firms and law and business schools worldwide.

Taxonomy alignment is essential for integrating knowledge across diverse domains and languages, facilitating information retrieval and data integration. Traditional methods heavily reliant on domain experts are time-consuming and resource-intensive. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an automated taxonomy alignment approach leveraging large language models (LLMs). We introduce a method that embeds taxonomy nodes into a continuous low-dimensional vector space, utilizing hierarchical relationships within category concepts to enhance alignment accuracy. Our approach capitalizes on the contextual understanding and semantic information capabilities of LLMs, offering a promising solution to the challenges of taxonomy alignment. We conducted experiments on two pairs of real-world taxonomies and demonstrated that our method is comparable in accuracy to manual alignment, while significantly reducing time, operational, and maintenance costs associated with taxonomy alignment. Our case study showcases the effectiveness of our approach by visualizing the taxonomy alignment results. This automated alignment framework addresses the increasing demand for accurate and efficient alignment processes across diverse knowledge domains.

It is important to classify academic papers in a fine-grained manner to uncover deeper implicit themes and semantics in papers for better semantic retrieval, paper recommendation, research trend prediction, topic analysis, and a series of other functions. Based on the ontology of the climate change domain, this study used an unsupervised approach to combine two methods, syntactic structure and semantic modeling, to build a framework of subject-indexing techniques for academic papers in the climate change domain. The framework automatically indexes a set of conceptual terms as research topics from the domain ontology by inputting the titles, abstracts and keywords of the papers using natural language processing techniques such as syntactic dependencies, text similarity calculation, pre-trained language models, semantic similarity calculation, and weighting factors such as word frequency statistics and graph path calculation. Finally, we evaluated the proposed method using the gold standard of manually annotated articles and demonstrated significant improvements over the other five alternative methods in terms of precision, recall and F1-score. Overall, the method proposed in this study is able to identify the research topics of academic papers more accurately, and also provides useful references for the application of domain ontologies and unsupervised data annotation.

This book about legal ontologies and Semantic Web applications has its roots in workshops and conferences on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Law. The domain of law belongs to the early adopters of ontologies and semantic web technology to support its enormous and fast growing demand for effective information management; it is probably only surpassed in this respect by the bio-sciences. Having easy access to relevant legal information among the rising flood of legal documentation is not only the concern of legal practitioners. The life and work of citizens becomes more and more entangled with legal issues as well. This volume reflects the wisdom abstracted from experiences accumulated over more than a decade of research and development in this area. It contains a representative overview of the state-of-the-art, covering both theoretical aspects and practical systems. The latter has been an important driver of research in this area, which can be observed from the geographical origins: the work discussed is mainly European, due to R&D initiatives of the European Commission in the various Framework programs. The Semantic Web is not only an area of research, but also a worldwide project where easy-to-construct applications can directly find their communities of users. However, the semantics that are the engines for these applications are still the bottleneck in the development. Therefore one finds a large range of technologies and tricks to populate ontologies with machine understandable meaning of terms in this volume. This varies from the use of top-ontologies via design patterns to extraction of terms from text and alignment of existing terminologies. In fact, one may see this book not so much as the report of results of research, but rather as a specification of the elements of an emerging methodology for developing legal ontologies.

PurposeUsers' search logs are implicit feedbacks on how searchers interact with online information retrieval (IR) systems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze search query reformulation (SQR) patterns of University of Dar es Salaam remote OPAC users.Design/methodology/approachQualitative and quantitative analysis of transaction logs were employed to ascertain the characteristics of search queries and the patterns in which remote OPAC users reformulate their search queries. The study covered a period of six months, commencing from January to June 2019.FindingsA total of 30,474 search hits were submitted by remote OPAC users during the period under study. Individuals from academic and research institutions, computing consortia, and telecommunication companies are the main users of the system. Most of the searches originated from North America and Europe, with few searches coming from China and India. Besides improving search results, SQRs are linked with the existence of multiple information demands as manifested by the use of heterogeneous headwords within individual search episodes.Research limitations/implicationsData collected covered only six months. Similarly, it was however not possible to analyze users' search query formulation within specific contexts such as task-based information searching.Practical implicationsA query recommendation system should be integrated into the OPAC functionalities to improve users' search experiences. Alternatively, there should be a migration to a new system that offers more advanced search features and functionalities.Originality/valueThe study has contributed new insights in SQR studies particularly on how non-institutional affiliated users translate their information needs into search queries during information searching processes.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-09-2020-0389

Develops a journal recommender system, which compares the content similarities between a manuscript and the existing journal articles in two subject corpora (covering the social sciences and medicine). Examines the appropriateness of three text similarity measures and the impact of numerous aspects of corpus documents on system performance. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.

The notion of well-being is one which is crucial to many aspects of our daily lives. In addition to providing one of the cornerstones to a healthy lifestyle, the concept of well-being extends to the selection of the type of environment we live in, our interaction with other people and the things we do to realize our plans for the future. Well-being is so intrinsic to our daily lives that it plays a fundamental role at all times and in all places, so it is important that it is taken into account when designing the ubiquitous computing technologies which pervade our lives nowadays. This book contains the papers presented at the 2009 Behaviour Monitoring and Interpretation (BMI) workshop, third in the annual series launched in 2007, and co-located with the German conference on Artificial Intelligence. The focus of the 2009 workshop on the topic of well-being reflects the significant interest in this area of research, and the book offers state-of-the-art contributions in the application area of well-being from diverse disciplines such as engineering and philosophy. This overview of a wide range of research projects will be of interest to researchers and developers whose work necessitates a consideration of well-being, either as part of the task of implementing current applications or of designing the systems of the future.

The book begins with an introduction of blind equalization theory and its application in neural networks, then discusses the algorithms in recurrent networks, fuzzy networks and other frequently-studied neural networks.

This book contains selected state-of-the-art contributions to the 9th conference on natural language processing, KONVENS 2008 (Konferenz zur Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache), with the central theme: text resources and lexical knowledge. The collection is unique in its placement of focus on the interaction between both of the above-mentioned fields, illustrating in particular the importance of methods in corpus linguistics for building lexical resources on the one hand, and the relevance of lexical resources for the analysis of and intelligent search methods for text corpora on the other. The selected articles all present novel approaches to one of three different research areas which in turn define the three parts of the book: * Techniques and models for the linguistic analysis of text resources: contributions from computational linguistics * Methods and tools for the acquisition of lexical knowledge from digitized and linguistically annotated text resources * Approaches to the representation of lexical knowledge in digital media for various purposes.