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Perspective—An Age of Sensors
There could not be a better time to launch a new venture in sensors, and the exploration of the biological interface with physicochemical devices offers especially exciting opportunities.
Journal Article
Periodically Pulsed Polarization Gas Sensors Based on Au|YSZ: Mechanism of NOsub.x Detection
What are the main findings? * Pulsed polarization with Au electrodes on YSZ shows that NO[sub.2] accelerates self-discharge from the beginning, while NO, CO, and H[sub.2] slow down discharge in the late stage. C[sub.3]H[sub.6] does not affect the discharging behavior. * A lower O[sub.2] content slows down discharge and intensifies the NO[sub.2] effect. Pulsed polarization with Au electrodes on YSZ shows that NO[sub.2] accelerates self-discharge from the beginning, while NO, CO, and H[sub.2] slow down discharge in the late stage. C[sub.3]H[sub.6] does not affect the discharging behavior. A lower O[sub.2] content slows down discharge and intensifies the NO[sub.2] effect. What are the implications of the main findings? * Oxygen supply and surface exchange at the triple-phase boundary are rate-determining during pulsed polarization. * NO and NO[sub.2] might be selectively distinguished from each other by choosing appropriate electrode materials. Oxygen supply and surface exchange at the triple-phase boundary are rate-determining during pulsed polarization. NO and NO[sub.2] might be selectively distinguished from each other by choosing appropriate electrode materials. Pulsed polarization of Au|YSZ gas sensors is examined to clarify the mechanism of NO[sub.x] detection under dynamic operation and to disentangle catalytic surface effects from electrochemical relaxation. Using gold electrodes with substantially lower catalytic activity than platinum explicitly enables this mechanistic separation. During pulsed polarization, periodic voltage pulses are followed by self-discharge under open-circuit conditions, and the response is measured based on the self-discharge rate. NO[sub.2] consistently accelerates the self-discharge from the beginning, whereas NO slows the relaxation predominantly at later times. CO and H[sub.2] produce similar delaying effects, and C[sub.3]H[sub.6] shows no measurable influence under the tested conditions. Decreasing ambient O[sub.2] slows the discharge and amplifies the NO[sub.2] effect, which indicates that oxygen supply and surface exchange at the triple-phase boundary are rate determining. A Pt-containing catalytic overlayer drives local NO/NO[sub.2] interconversion toward equilibrium so that both gases yield to an accelerated self-discharge. These findings support a mechanistic picture in which NO[sub.2] provides effective oxygen equivalents that accelerate discharge, whereas NO, CO, and H[sub.2] consume oxygen and slow down discharge. Overall, this establishes a materials-based approach for distinguishing between NO and NO[sub.2] and evaluating the underlying mechanism during pulsed polarization.
Journal Article
Smart things & femtocells : from hype to reality
This book provides a comprehensive overview for the use of femtocells in smart Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Femtocells will help mobile operators to provide a basis for the next generation of services which are a combination of voice, video, and data services to mobile users. This book discusses modelling traffic and deployment strategies in femtocells and provides a review for the use of femtocells and their applications in IoT environments. Moreover, it highlights the efficient real-time medium access, data delivery, caching and security aspects in smart spaces. It concludes by presenting open research issues associated with smart IoT-femtocell based applications-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A Physics-Guided Dual-Sensor Framework for Bearing Fault Diagnosisin PMDC Motor Drives
Rolling-element bearing faults are a primary mechanical failure mode in rotating systems. In Permanent Magnetic DC (PMDC) motor applications operating under variable torque, vibration-based diagnosis is affected by load-dependent excitation and commutation-induced disturbances, which introduce amplitude bias and reduce the reliability of conventional statistical features. This study proposes Cross-Reference Energy Attention (CREA), a physics-guided dual-sensor feature framework for three-class bearing states in PMDC motor systems. CREA isolates fault-relevant content within a hardware-agnostic, empirically selected mid-frequency carrier band and incorporates a spatially separated reference sensor to evaluate transmission consistency. This design suppresses disturbances generated locally by the motor while retaining structurally transmitted bearing signatures. Experiments were conducted on a PMDC motor dynamometer with seeded bearing defects under controlled torque variation. GroupKFold cross-validation was implemented using the acquisition run as the grouping variable to prevent data leakage across runs. Under per-run normalization designed to eliminate amplitude memorization, conventional motor-side baseline features degraded to 0.495 ± 0.110 window-level accuracy, whereas the four-feature CREA representation maintained 0.999 ± 0.002. Systematic ablation and SHAP analysis demonstrate that carrier-band energy features provide the dominant discriminatory contribution, while cross-sensor interaction metrics supply complementary transmission validation consistent with the underlying mechanical model.
Journal Article
