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Due to the difficulty of dynamical modelling of constrained flexible ropes for the closure process caused by the presence of non-smooth contacts and rigid-flexible coupling problem, a simplified model is provided. The contacts between the ropes and the rings or the separators are considered as slip joints, and the dynamical studies are conducted using the constraint method. Considering the collision of the slip joint, the contact stiffness is introduced and the contact dynamics equations of the slip joint are established. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used to describe the motion of rope element, and the dynamics model of which can then be established through the principle of virtual work. For rigid bodies such as separators, the quaternion description is used to establish the dynamics equations. The simulation of closure process is performed to obtain the motion law of the rope and the traction mass block, and the closure time and the degree of closure are compared under different numbers of ri

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are energy-storage devices with a high-energy density in which the separator provides a physical barrier between the cathode and anode, to prevent electrical short circuits. To meet the demands of high-performance batteries, the separator must have excellent electrolyte wettability, thermotolerance, mechanical strength, highly porous structures, and ionic conductivity. Numerous nonwoven-based separators have been used in LIBs due to their high porosity and large surface-to-volume ratios. However, the fabrication of multi-functional fibers, the construction of nonwoven separators, and their integration into energy-storage devices present grand challenges in fundamental theory and practical implementation. Herein, we systematically review the up-to-date concerning the design and preparation of nonwoven-based separators for LIBs. Recent progress in monolayer, composite, and solid electrolyte nonwoven-based separators and their fabrication strategies is discussed. Future challenges and directions toward advancements in separator technologies are also discussed to obtain separators with remarkable performance for high-energy density batteries. Graphical abstract

Gas–liquid systems under the effect of gravity are separated in gravity separators, which, with sufficiently high efficiency, are structurally simpler and also create a lower pressure drop compared to cyclone separators. There are various domestic and foreign methods for calculating horizontal hollow gas–liquid separators. They have such disadvantages as applicability only to certain deposition modes, excessive simplification of the applied models, difficulty in automating the calculations, etc. The identification of these shortcomings makes it possible, based on the theory of deposition and the description of the geometry of the circular section of a horizontal gas–liquid separator, to develop a methodology in which the process of droplet deposition is described by a universal criterion equation and the degree of filling of the apparatus with liquid, affecting the height of droplet deposition, is also taken into account. The obtained method makes it possible to determine the product of the length of the separation zone by the separator radius and, based on this, select a typical device. The development of a new universal technique increases the reliability of the design of devices and their subsequent operation.

Zinc ion batteries are favored by researchers because of their intrinsic safety, low cost, and high theoretical energy density. The serious dendrite growth of Zn anode during electrochemical deposition inhibits the development of zinc ion batteries currently. Many research works have been carried out to modify the zinc metal anode surface and aqueous electrolyte. Significantly, as the carrier of electrolyte and the bridge of ions, the separators show promising potential of inhibiting dendrites growth by regulating the ions migration and the electric field of the electrolyte-anode interface. However, a technical review about the separators of zinc ion batteries is still rare. In this review, the basic requirements of separators and the latest development of modification materials and mechanisms are summarized. Finally, the perspectives for further developments on the separators of zinc ion batteries are outlined. This review could offer useful information for the further development of separators for zinc ion batteries.

In this paper, the pure flow field distribution of hydrocyclone and the separation efficiency of solid particles were studied by fluent software, and the separation efficiency of solid particles with different diameters was compared. The numerical simulation of the pure flow field and the separation efficiency of the cyclone hydrocyclone provides a theoretical basis for the structural optimization of the cyclone hydrocyclone, which is beneficial to improving the separation efficiency of the cyclone separator.

The paper studies the force of inertia to appear both in individual parts and assemblies of separators exploited for oil and gas treatment, and in separators as such. The concept of the force of inertia is important due to the possibility of considering it from deeper scientific points of view and practical positions.

The paper discusses the process plan of the piston compressor package as well as the design of the gas separator. A technical proposal has been developed to improve the preliminary purification of the gas-liquid stream from hydrocarbon condensate, water and mechanical impurities. With the help of modern computer technologies, the design of the inlet device in the separator has been developed. The operation of the gas separator was simulated after the application developed by the devices. With the help of the program, the results of the study of the gas separator operation are presented.

As one of the most effective techniques for fine particle processing, high gradient magnetic separation is mainly used in the separation and enrichment of fine and weak magnetic particles and other important industrial fields. High gradient magnetic separator is a new type of high intensity magnetic separator, which has strong ability to capture fine and weak magnetic particles, developed on the basis of ordinary high intensity magnetic separator. Based on the early periodic- high -gradient magnetic separators, the optimization development direction of high gradient magnetic separators and their application characteristics of various high gradient magnetic separators in these decades were summarized, and the future development directions of high gradient magnetic separator were presented.

Pressure drop (Δp) and collection efficiency (η) are used to evaluate the separation performance of the cyclone separator. In this study, we conducted comparative study of cyclone models using response surface methodology (RSM), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and group method of data handling (GMDH) networks to develop optimal predictive cyclone models. Also, we conducted multi-objective optimization for maximizing model and minimizing model using genetic algorithm (GA). CFD was performed instead of experimental method to get the estimated values for modeling of Δp and η. The validation results of CFD showed 0.5% and 2% errors for Δp and η, respectively, compared with the experimental data. Second, design of experiment (DOE) analysis for 10 cyclone geometrical parameters was executed to obtain the significant geometrical parameters. Vortex finder diameter D x , inlet width a, inlet height b and cone height H co have a significant effect on η and Δp. However, interaction effects between the geometrical parameters have small effects. The cyclone models by RSM, BPNN and GMDH based on 25 CFD training set were developed. The predictive performance results by the cyclone models were compared by 25 CFD test set. The GMDH method achieved the best prediction for Δp ( , RMSE = 0.102) , RMSE = 0.0119) than the RSM, BPNN cyclone models. Additionally, uncertainty analysis was performed to estimate the quantitative performance of cyclone models. The results show that the uncertainty width of GMDH models achieved the best prediction ( : ±0.0065, Δp: ±0.0188). Finally, GA was applied to optimize the GMDH models simultaneously. GA generated 70 non-dominant solutions. Reproducibility of five optimal points was validated by using CFD. The trade-off optimal point showed improvement by 24.31%, 18% and 8.79% for Δp and , respectively.

HighlightsDendrite-free stable Zn plating/stripping was achieved for over 500 h at 2 mA cm−2.No short-circuit for 10 mAh cm−2 of Zn plating.Zn|MnO2 cells delivered nearly 100% capacity retention over 2000 cycles.Owing to the merits of low cost, high safety and environmental benignity, rechargeable aqueous Zn-based batteries (ZBs) have gained tremendous attention in recent years. Nevertheless, the poor reversibility of Zn anodes that originates from dendrite growth, surface passivation and corrosion, severely hinders the further development of ZBs. To tackle these issues, here we report a Janus separator based on a Zn-ion conductive metal–organic framework (MOF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which is able to regulate uniform Zn2+ flux and electron conduction simultaneously during battery operation. Facilitated by the MOF/rGO bifunctional interlayers, the Zn anodes demonstrate stable plating/stripping behavior (over 500 h at 1 mA cm−2), high Coulombic efficiency (99.2% at 2 mA cm−2 after 100 cycles) and reduced redox barrier. Moreover, it is also found that the Zn corrosion can be effectively retarded through diminishing the potential discrepancy on Zn surface. Such a separator engineering also saliently promotes the overall performance of Zn|MnO2 full cells, which deliver nearly 100% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 4 A g−1 and high power density over 10 kW kg−1. This work provides a feasible route to the high-performance Zn anodes for ZBs.