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Background More than 90% of all infections in the head and neck region can be traced back to an odontogenic origin. In rare cases they can lead to sepsis, which may pose a vital threat to the patient. The purpose of this study was to analyse characteristics concerning etiology and progress of severe odontogenic infections with a fulminant development. Methods All patients with odontogenic infections requiring hospital admission were included in a retrospective analysis conducted from 02/2012 to 09/2017. Of 483 patients 16 patients (13 male, 3 female) showed severe exacerbation with septic progress. The average age was 52.8 years. All patients underwent at least one surgical procedure that involved an extraoral incision and drainage as well as high volume irrigation intraoperatively. At least one revision was required for four of the patients. Three patients showed an exceedingly severe disease progression with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and circulatory arrest. Antibiotic treatment was adjusted according to the results of an antibiogram and resistogram. Irrigation with saline was done several times a day. Results Sixteen patients showed odontogenic infections that spread over multiple maxillo-facial and cervical regions accompanied by septic laboratory signs. All these patients needed intensive care and a tracheostomy. The hospitalization period was 27.8 days on average. In 16 cases risk factors for the development of odontogenic abscesses like diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic alcohol and nicotine abuse, rheumatism and poor oral hygiene were present. Intraoperative swabs showed a typical polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic spectrum of oral bacteria, especially anaerobes and streptococci, mainly Streptocococcus viridans . Conclusion Odontogenic infections with fulminant progression should be treated based on clinical and imaging data with immediate surgical incision and drainage including elimination of odontogenic foci as well as intensified intra- and postoperative irrigation. If needed, repeat imaging followed by further incisions should be performed. Immediate antibiotic treatment adapted to the antibiogram is of utmost importance. A combination of tazobactam and piperacillin has proven to be a good first choice and can be recommended for abscesses that spread over multiple levels with initial signs of severe infections.

Blood is conventionally thought to be sterile. However, emerging evidence on the blood microbiome has started to challenge this notion. Recent reports have revealed the presence of genetic materials of microbes or pathogens in the blood circulation, leading to the conceptualization of a blood microbiome that is vital for physical wellbeing. Dysbiosis of the blood microbial profile has been implicated in a wide range of health conditions. Our review aims to consolidate recent findings about the blood microbiome in human health and to highlight the existing controversies, prospects, and challenges around this topic. Current evidence does not seem to support the presence of a core healthy blood microbiome. Common microbial taxa have been identified in some diseases, for instance, Legionella and Devosia in kidney impairment, Bacteroides in cirrhosis, Escherichia/Shigella and Staphylococcus in inflammatory diseases, and Janthinobacterium in mood disorders. While the presence of culturable blood microbes remains debatable, their genetic materials in the blood could potentially be exploited to improve precision medicine for cancers, pregnancy-related complications, and asthma by augmenting patient stratification. Key controversies in blood microbiome research are the susceptibility of low-biomass samples to exogenous contamination and undetermined microbial viability from NGS-based microbial profiling, however, ongoing initiatives are attempting to mitigate these issues. We also envisage future blood microbiome research to adopt more robust and standardized approaches, to delve into the origins of these multibiome genetic materials and to focus on host–microbe interactions through the elaboration of causative and mechanistic relationships with the aid of more accurate and powerful analytical tools.

Motile Aeromonas septicaemia is most commonly caused by Aeromonas hydrophila . It is an opportunistic pathogen causing disease in fish under stress. The bacterium produces a number of pathogenic factors, and the most important among them are the haemolysin and the aerolysin, provoking the disease. Freshwater and saltwater fish species are susceptible. The disease is manifested clinically with haemorrhages, ulcerations, abscesses, ascitic fluid and anaemia. Mortality rates are high, and they incur substantial economic losses, thereby necessitating timely measures of control for prevention and treatment. Therefore, the aim of this overview was to provide up-to-date information related to the control of motile Aeromonas septicaemia in fish through application of chemotherapeutic drugs, phytobiotics, probiotics, yeast extracts, vaccines and disinfectants.

Objective: To determine the different aetiologies and outcomes of acute liver failure in children at a tertiary care hospital in Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatrics, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Aug 2020 to Sep 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty-four patients who visited the Department of Pediatrics, and following the exclusion and inclusion criteria were included. Mean and standard deviations were assessed for quantitative variables including age. Percentages and frequencies were computed for qualitative variables. Results: Out of 124 children, there were 98(79.03%) males and 26(20.97%) females, with a mean age of 5.58±3.63 years. The most common aetiologies were Hepatitis A (n=50, 40.32%) and septicemia (n=16, 12.9%). Eighty-four (68%) had acutepresentation (7 to 28 days) while jaundice was observed in 104(84%) patients. There were 32(25.81%) deaths. The mean ALT levels were 1220±1165.52 U/L, mean PT levels were 29.98±9.30 seconds, mean INR levels were 2.8±0.9, mean total bilirubin levels were 22.86±16.11 mg/dl, and mean indirect bilirubin levels were 5.30±4.46 mg/dl. There were 32(25.81%) patients who died, and 92(74.10%) patients who had survived on supportive care. Conclusion: Our study shows that infective aetiologies are the predominant causes of acute liver failure among Pakistani children.

Tatumella ptyseos septicaemia in humans is yet to be reported in Nigeria with very few cases reported worldwide. This case report describes the clinical and distinctive biochemical characteristics of Tatumella ptyseos, its antibiotic sensitivity pattern and risk factors associated with Tatumella ptyseos septicaemia. Our case is a 2 months old ex-premature female from Calabar, admitted in the month of May, 2018 into the Children´s Emergency Room, of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. She presented with cough of one month and fever of three weeks, and was found to be acutely ill looking, febrile with temperature of 38.6°C, mildly pale, dyspnoeic and tachypnoeic with SPO2 of 80% in room air, tender hepatomegaly of 6cm and a splenomegaly of 6cm. Blood culture yielded Gram negative rods identified as Tatumella ptyseos by OXOID MICROBACT™ GNB identification kit.

Naturally infected Channa punctata exhibiting bacterial septicemic syndrome including ulcerations along with mortality records were collected from a fish farm in Assam during winter season (early November 2020 to early January 2021). The moribund fishes were subjected for bacterial isolation followed by identification of the bacteria. Two dominant emerging bacterial pathogens were identified as Aeromonas veronii (isolate ZooGURD-01) and Aeromonas hydrophila (isolate ZooGURD-05) by standard biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA and rpo B gene amplification. Re-infection experiments of both the bacterial isolates in healthy disease-free C. punctata showed similar symptoms to that of natural infection thus confirming their virulence. The LD 50 calculated during challenge test for both the isolates ZooGURD-01 and ZooGURD-05 found to be pathogenic at 2.6 × 10 4 and 1.6 × 10 4  CFU/fish respectively. Further PCR amplification of specific virulent genes (aerolysin, hemolysin and enterotoxin) confirmed pathogenicity for both isolates. Histopathological examinations of liver and kidney in re-infection experiments showed prominent changes supporting bacterial septicaemia. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the isolates ZooGURD-01 and ZooGURD-05 were sensitive to 22 and 19 out of 25 antimicrobials respectively. The present study was the first report on the mortality of farmed C. punctata associated with natural infection caused by A. veronii and A. hydrophila with no record of pathogenicity of A. veronii in C. punctata .

Aquaculture of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus has rapidly increased in South-East Asia over recent years, which has now become one of the most cultivated species. This culture intensification has resulted in the development of various diseases, among which the Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. The present study aimed at investigating the potential of three plants, Piper betle, Psidium guajava, and Tithonia diversifolia, to prevent this disease using an enriched fish diet during 4 weeks. Though the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of acetone–extracts were relatively high (2–32 mg mL−1 and 8–64 mg mL−1, respectively), all three plant powders imbedded in feed significantly reduced fish mortalities following an experimental infection with A. hydrophila, as indicated by relative percent survivals (RPS) ranging from 77 to 79%. When used in combination, the three plant extracts showed no interaction in vitro. Even though they improved RPS in comparison with controls, they were, however, less efficient in reducing mortalities than single plants. None of the plant-enriched diet had a clear effect on blood cell count or on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (except for P. betle, which significantly increased ROS production after infection); however, both individual plants and their combinations significantly limited the drop of hematocrit following infection. Altogether, these results indicate that selection of plants for herbal therapy is complex and might depend on several in vivo criteria, and as such should not solely rely upon measurement of their antimicrobial activity.

The US catfish industry has undergone significant technological advancements in an attempt to achieve cost efficiencies. This study monitored the progress of the adoption of alternative and complementary technologies in the US catfish industry. A 2019–2020 multi‐state in‐person survey in Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi (n = 68), revealed increased adoption of intensively aerated ponds (6,315 ha) and split ponds (1,176 ha). The adoption of alternative, more intensive, production practices has been accompanied by increased adoption of complementary technologies of fixed‐paddlewheel aeration, automated oxygen monitors, and hybrid catfish. As a result, the average aeration rate in the tristate region has increased to 7.8 kW/ha with 97% of catfish farms adopting automated oxygen monitors. About 53% of the water surface area in the tristate region was used for hybrid catfish production. Fingerling producers have also adopted a feed‐based, oral vaccine against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish, with 83% of the fingerling farms and 73% of the fingerling production area vaccinated against ESC in 2020. Increased adoption of productivity‐enhancing technologies in the US catfish industry explains the 59% increase in foodfish productivity from 2010 to 2019. Monitoring the progress of adoption of productivity‐enhancing technologies will guide researchers and Extension personnel involved in the refinement and dissemination of these technologies.

Vibrios are among the most common bacteria that inhabit surface waters throughout the world and are responsible for a number of severe infections both in humans and animals. Several reports recently showed that human Vibrio illnesses are increasing worldwide including fatal acute diarrheal diseases, such as cholera, gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. Many scientists believe this increase may be associated with global warming and rise in sea surface temperature (SST), although not enough evidence is available to support a causal link between emergence of Vibrio infections and climate warming. The effect of increased SST in promoting spread of vibrios in coastal and brackish waters is considered a causal factor explaining this trend. Field and laboratory studies carried out over the past 40 years supported this hypothesis, clearly showing temperature promotes Vibrio growth and persistence in the aquatic environment. Most recently, a long-term retrospective microbiological study carried out in the coastal waters of the southern North Sea provided the first experimental evidence for a positive and significant relationship between SST and Vibrio occurrence over a multidecadal time scale. As a future challenge, macroecological studies of the effects of ocean warming on Vibrio persistence and spread in the aquatic environment over large spatial and temporal scales would conclusively support evidence acquired to date combined with studies of the impact of global warming on epidemiologically relevant variables, such as host susceptibility and exposure. Assessing a causal link between ongoing climate change and enhanced growth and spread of vibrios and related illness is expected to improve forecast and mitigate future outbreaks associated with these pathogens.

In recent years, reported infections caused by (SDSE)have notably increased. SDSE is a Group C or G β-hemolytic streptococcus, that frequently causes bloodstream infections and is highly susceptible to penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. In this study, we present the first reported case of vancomycin-resistant SDSE septicaemia, detailing its clinical diagnosis and treatment. A review of the relevant literature, noted that no other instances of vancomycin resistance in SDSE have been documented. It is hoped that this study will lead to further clinical consideration of vancomycin resistance.