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Although oxytocin is generally thought to exert anxiolytic, prosocial and antistress effects, reports of anxiogenic effects in humans have recently emerged. Here the authors show that oxytocin receptors in the lateral septum mediate the stress-induced enhancement of fear conditioning in mice in a process involving MAPK-ERK signaling. The nonapeptide oxytocin is considered beneficial to mental health due to its anxiolytic, prosocial and antistress effects, but evidence for anxiogenic actions of oxytocin in humans has recently emerged. Using region-specific manipulations of the mouse oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) gene ( Oxtr ), we identified the lateral septum as the brain region mediating fear-enhancing effects of Oxtr. These effects emerge after social defeat and require Oxtr specifically coupled to the extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase pathway.

In Western Corsica, remnants of pre-batholitic lithological and metamorphic assemblages are preserved as km-scale septa enclosed within Lower Carboniferous to Early Permian plutons. Two groups of septa were recognized: (1) the Argentella and Agriates-Tenda fragments correspond to Neoproterozoic rocks deformed and metamorphosed during the Cadomian–Panafrican orogeny, and (2) the Zicavo, Porto-Vecchio, Solenzara–Fautea, Belgodère, Topiti, and Vignola fragments consist of Variscan metamorphic rocks. The lithological content and the main ductile deformation events for each septum are presented. In the Zicavo, Porto-Vecchio, and Topiti septa, a top-to-the-SW ductile shearing (D1 event) coeval with an amphibolite facies metamorphism is responsible for crustal thickening at ca 360 Ma. This main event was preceded by eclogite and granulite facies metamorphic events preserved as restites within migmatites dated at ca 345–330 Ma. A top-to-the-SE ductile shearing (D2 event) coeval with the crustal melting accommodated the exhumation of the D1 event. In contrast, the Belgodère segment is peculiar as it exhibits a top-to-the-E vergence, although retrogressed high-pressure rocks are also recognized. The pre-Permian fragments are arranged in four NW–SE-striking stripes that define a SW–NE zoning with (1) a Western domain in Topiti, Vignola, Zicavo, Porto-Vecchio, and Solenzara–Fautea; (2) a Neoproterozoic basement with its unconformable Early Paleozoic sedimentary cover in Argentella; (3) an Eastern metamorphic domain in Belgodère; (4) another Neoproterozoic basement with its Upper Paleozoic sedimentary cover in Agriates-Tenda. The Argentella basement is separated from the Western and Eastern domains by two sutures: S1 and S2. The Variscan Corsica represents the Eastern part of the Sardinia–Corsica–Maures segment. The comparison of this segment with other Variscan domains allows us to propose some possible correlations. We argue that the Western domain, Argentella, Belgodère, and Agriates-Tenda domains can be compared with the Southern Variscan belt exposed in French Massif Central–Southern Massif Armoricain, Armorica microblock, Léon block, respectively.

The basal septal hypertrophy(BSH) is an often under-recognized morphological change in the left ventricle. This is a common echocardiographic finding with a prevalence of approximately 7-20%, which may indicate early structural and functional remodeling of the left ventricle in certain pathologies. It also poses a risk of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and is a significant cause of postoperative complications in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Compared to traditional algorithms, machine learning algorithms are more effective at capturing nonlinear relationships and developing more accurate diagnostic and predictive models. However, no predictive models for BSH have been developed using machine learning algorithms. To evaluate the effectiveness of five machine learning algorithms in predicting thickening of the basal segment of the interventricular septum and to develop a simple, yet efficient, prediction model for BSH. Echocardiographic and clinical data from 902 patients were collected from the First Central Hospital of Baoding City, including 91 BSH patients and 811 non-BSH patients. The data were divided into training and test sets in a 7:3 ratio. Five machine learning algorithms -XGBoost, Random Forest(RF), Dicision tree(DT), K-Nearest Neighbor classification(KNN), and Naive Bayes(NB) were applied to construct the models, combined with logistic regression (LR) based on Lasso regression. The performance of each model was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC),calibration curves and Decision Curve Analysis (DCA)curve, with the model demonstrating the best performance being selected. The shapley additive explanation (SHAP) method was employed to interpret the XBoost and RF models. The logistic regression (LR) of the Lasso regression model showed that IVS-AO Angle, Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), Diastolic Left Ventricular Internal Diameter Index (LVIDdI), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Distance from mitral valve closure point to basal segment of interventricular septum (MVCP-Sd), GLU, and Mitral Valve peak A (MV-A) were associated with BSH, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.86 (0.831-0.888), 1.034 (1.018-1.052), 0.104 (0.023-0.403), 1.041 (1.021-1.064), 0.964 (0.93-0.998), 0.852 (0.764-0.949), 1.146 (1.023-1.281), and 0.967 (0.947-0.987), respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for Model-relevant variable IVS-AO Angle, MVCP_Sd,LVMI, GLU, LVIDdI, SBP,DBP,LVIDdI,MV_A were 0.87,0.68,0.66,0.55,0.56,0.67,0.75,0.75. The AUC for the algorithms (XGBoost, RF, DT, KNN, NB) in the test set were 0.92, 0.91, 0.85, 0.84, and 0.88, respectively. The SHAP method identified eight predictor variables for BSH based on importance rankings, with the top four being IVS-AO Angle, LVMI, LVIDdI, and SBP, with IVS-AO Angle emerging as the most important predictor. The external validation of the RF model yielded an AUC of 0.86. Machine learning can effectively predict BSH, with IVS-AO Angle identified as an independent predictor. The RF model, being simple to operate, can be applied to the risk management of BSH patients.

The interatrial septum morphology, shaped by the septum primum and secundum fusion, results in the formation of the fossa ovalis (FO) and its limbus. Incomplete fusion can lead to a patent foramen ovale (PFO), while complete fusion may produce septal ridges and pouches (SPs), with SPs in humans linked to ischemic stroke and atrial arrhythmias. In horses, atrial tachycardia and fibrillation often originate near the FO. This study examines adult equine interatrial septum morphology to enhance understanding the region and guide electrophysiological interventions for equine cardiac arrhythmias. Post-mortem examinations of 62 adult equine hearts, assessed the interatrial septum morphology from both right and left sides, measuring the dimensions of the FO and the craniocaudal length, and dorsoventral height of the SPs. Histological analysis at selected septal locations evaluated the wall’s thickness and composition. Significant morphological variations were observed, particularly the consistent presence of right-sided SP. The septum wall comprises three layers, with the central layer containing cardiomyocytes in varied orientations, interspersed with fibroadipose tissue, features potentially contributing to atrial arrhythmias. Understanding the equine interatrial septum morphology is important for optimizing transseptal puncture outcomes, by facilitating accurate intracardiac echocardiography interpretation, guiding precise puncture site selection and improving procedural safety and efficacy.

Introduction The nasal septum plays a pivotal role in craniofacial growth and development, and nasal septum deviation (NSD) is a common finding in clinical practice. This study aims to investigate the morphological relationship between the NSD and craniofacial transversal asymmetry. Materials and methods Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from 114 patients were collected and analyzed to examine the association between NSD parameters and transverse metrics of the maxilla, dentoalveolus, and cranium. Additionally, craniofacial transverse parameters were compared across subgroups stratified by NSD variables, including Septal Deviation Angle (SDA), Deviated Septal Width (DSW), and Deviated Septal Curve Angle (DSCA), to evaluate their efficacy in predicting transverse asymmetry. Results NSD variables (SDA, DSW, and DSCA) were significantly associated with transverse asymmetry of the maxilla, dentoalveolus, and cranial base. Specifically, maxillary parameters reflecting transverse asymmetry of the maxillary sinus lateral wall around the palatal plane level and dentoalveolar parameters reflecting transverse asymmetry of the alveolar bone and dental arch exhibited significant differences across subgroups with varying NSD severity, as classified by SDA, DSW, and DSCA. Conclusions Our findings confirm a robust relationship between NSD and transverse asymmetry of multiple craniofacial structures. SDA and DSW demonstrate higher sensitivity, while DSCA shows greater specificity in identifying craniofacial asymmetry. Collectively, these parameters play key roles in the development of transverse asymmetry within the nasomaxillary skeleton.

Background Mesiodens is the most prevalent type of supernumerary tooth and frequently interferes with the eruption of maxillary incisors. While its dental implications are well described, its potential impact on maxillofacial structures—such as nasal septum deviation (NSD) and transverse skeletal development—has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate these effects in pediatric patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods A total of 102 pediatric patients with mesiodens and 102 age- and sex-matched controls were retrospectively evaluated. Maxillofacial parameters, including nasal base width, maxillary and mandibular transverse widths, and the presence of NSD, were assessed using CBCT. Statistical analyses involved independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and one-way ANOVA with post hoc comparisons ( p  < .05). Results The presence of mesiodens was significantly associated with a narrower nasal base width ( p  < .001) and a higher prevalence of NSD ( p  = .009). No significant differences were observed between groups regarding maxillary ( p  = .260) or mandibular width ( p  = .078). Conclusions These findings suggest that mesiodens may influence not only dental eruption but also broader craniofacial development. Early detection and comprehensive radiographic evaluation may help mitigate potential maxillofacial complications associated with this anomaly.

Background The value of endoscopic septoplasty for patients with deviated nasal septum and allergic rhinitis has not been systematically summarized. This study aims to assess the impact of surgical intervention on quality of life through a meta-analysis. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, CNKI, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies on the treatment of patients with deviated nasal septum and allergic rhinitis up to 2024. Studies that were duplicates, lacked full text, had incomplete data, or involved animal experiments, commentaries, or systematic reviews were excluded. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA 16.0. Results The total nasal symptom score (TNSS) in patients who received endoscopic surgery was considerably reduced compared to those treated with spray therapy alone, indicating a significant improvement (SMD = -21.29, 95% CI: -26.26, -116.33). Classic symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including rhinorrhea (SMD=-9.97, 95% CI: -16.97, -2.98), nasal obstruction (SMD=-27.25, 95% CI: -41.12, -13.38), nasal itching (SMD=-10.32, 95% CI: -13.16, -7.48), and sneezing (SMD=-12.66, 95% CI: -14.99, -10.34), showed significant improvement. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two treatments (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.49, 2.10). Conclusion Patients with a deviated nasal septum and allergic rhinitis benefit more from septoplasty. However, the procedure should be performed cautiously by experienced clinicians, taking into account the specific condition of the nasal septum.

Background Nasal septum deviation (NSD) plays a vital role in paranasal sinus development, influencing sinonasal structures and maxillary sinus volume (MSV). This study aims to identify the NSD types and ascertain their impact on sinonasal variants, MSV, and morphometry of the infundibulum using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods CT images of 300 patients (150 females and 150 males), aged between 18 and 70 years, were retrospectively analyzed. The prevalences of NSD types, NS pneumatization (NSP), middle concha bullosa (MCB), paradoxical middle turbinate (PMT), MS mucosal thickening (MSMT), accessory maxillary ostium (AMO), uncinate process (UP) variants, and inferior turbinate hypertrophy (ITH) were evaluated. Also, MSV, MO width (MOW), infundibulum length (IL) and angle (IA) were measured. Statistical analyses of data was done taking into account gender, laterality, and age. Results The greater the degree of NSD, the greater the likelihood of MCB, PMT and ITH occurring on the opposite side. Conversely, AMO, hypoplastic MS, MSMT, and hook-shaped UP were more prevalent on the same side of the deviation. The strongest associations with ipsilateral hyperplastic MS and being a young male were exhibited by PMT and MCB. Moderate and severe NSD, AMO, hook-shaped UP, hypoplastic MS and MSMT were more prevalent in older subjects, while younger subjects had more NSP, extensive MCB, PMT with a significant difference. The mean MSV, MOW and IL were found to be lower in MS on the same side of NSD, while the largest IA was observed in MS with severe NSD, as well as larger IA on the ipsilateral side of deviation, with a significant difference. However, we found that, as the degree of NSDA increased, the mean IL decreased and the mean MOW increased. The mean MOW and IL values indicated a positive correlation with ageing, whereas the MSV and IA values decreased with increasing age. Conclusions Despite their significance, our understanding of how sinonasal structures, MSV, and infundibulum morphometry vary and covary with NSD remains limited, a crucial aspect in the planning of dental implantology and endoscopic sinus surgery.

Background This study aimed to determine if there is a relationship between the presence of maxillary sinus pathology, nasal septum deviation and various lengths of the osteomeatal complex. Methods A total of 223 CBCT images were included in the study. The lengths of the osteomeatal complex (maxillary sinus ostium width, infundibulum length, maxillary sinus ostium height) were analyzed. The presence of maxillary sinus pathology, nasal septum deviation, age, sex, right-left, septum deviation level, and the relationship between pathology level and all variables were evaluated. Results The average maxillary sinus ostium width, ostium height and infundibulum length were 3.06 ± 0.70 mm, 30.10 ± 5.43 mm and 8.82 ± 1.86 mm, respectively. Ostium width was significantly higher in the healthy group than in the groups evaluated in the presence of deviation and pathology. A significant difference was found in infundibulum length only between the healthy condition and the condition evaluated in the presence of deviation. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of ostium height. In all groups, ostium height and infundibulum length were significantly higher in men than in women. The age group with the highest average ostium height was found in the 35–44 age group ( p  < 0.001). Conclusion Identifying normal and abnormal conditions in the osteomeatal complex area is important for diagnosing the cause of a patient's complaint, guiding the surgical procedures to be performed, and preventing possible complications that may arise during surgical procedures.

The authors use two-photon Ca 2+ imaging of axonal boutons in hippocampal CA1 of behaving mice to monitor the activation of septo-hippocampal GABAergic boutons. They report that some sensory inputs are more effective than locomotion in driving firing by these long-range GABAergic projections. Hippocampal interneurons receive GABAergic input from the medial septum. Using two-photon Ca 2+ imaging of axonal boutons in hippocampal CA1 of behaving mice, we found that populations of septo-hippocampal GABAergic boutons were activated during locomotion and salient sensory events; sensory responses scaled with stimulus intensity and were abolished by anesthesia. We found similar activity patterns among boutons with common putative postsynaptic targets, with low-dimensional bouton population dynamics being driven primarily by presynaptic spiking.