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Sewer processes : microbial and chemical process engineering of sewer networks
\"This extensively revised and updated second edition presents major revisions of several chapters, reflecting the theoretical and practical knowledge that has been gained since the publication of the previous edition a decade ago. In addition, it supplies new chapters on advanced modeling of sewer processes and gas phase control. It also includes greatly expanded coverage of odor formation and prediction, as well as of concrete corrosion caused by hydrogen sulfide. The book is written for graduate students, researchers, and industry professionals\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.
Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to combat antimicrobial resistance. Here, Munk et al. analyse ARGs in hundreds of sewage samples from 101 countries and describe regional patterns, diverse genetic environments of common ARGs, and ARG-specific transmission patterns.
Journal Article
Simultaneous determination of 148 pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in sewage sludge based on ultrasound-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
This paper describes the development and validation of a new method for the simultaneous determination of 148 substances in sewage sludge. The selected compounds belong to different classes of pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory drugs, antiepileptics, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, among others, and illicit drugs, including opiates, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabinoids, and their metabolites. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first method in the peer-reviewed literature covering such a large number of target drugs for determination in a complex matrix like sewage sludge. The method presented herein combines ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Good analytical performance was achieved, with limit-of-detection values below 10 ng g
−1
d.w. for 91 % of the analytes and absolute recovery in the range 50–110 % for more than 77 % of the studied compounds. A combination of methanol and acidified water, also containing EDTA, proved to be the optimum solvent mixture to perform the extractions. An extra solid-phase-extraction clean-up step was not required, substantially reducing sample-preparation time and solvent consumption. Finally, the developed method was applied to the analysis of different sewage-sludge samples from five wastewater treatment plants of Santorini Island (Greece). Out of the 148 target compounds, 36 were detected. Several compounds, including acetylsalicylic acid, citalopram, and ciprofloxacin among others, had maximum concentrations above 100 ng g
−1
d.w.
Journal Article
An eco-environmental efficiency analysis of Malaysia sewage treatment plants: an incorporated window-based data envelopment analysis and ordinary least square regression
Most human activities that use water produced sewage. As urbanization grows, the overall demand for water grows. Correspondingly, the amount of produced sewage and pollution-induced water shortage is continuously increasing worldwide. Ensuring there are sufficient and safe water supplies for everyone is becoming increasingly challenging. Sewage treatment is an essential prerequisite for water reclamation and reuse. Sewage treatment plants’ (STPs) performance in terms of economic and environmental perspective is known as a critical indicator for this purpose. Here, the window-based data envelopment analysis model was applied to dynamically assess the relative annual efficiency of STPs under different window widths. A total of five STPs across Malaysia were analyzed during 2015–2019. The labor cost, utility cost, operation cost, chemical consumption cost, and removal rate of pollution, as well as greenhouse gases’ (GHGs) emissions, all were integrated to interpret the eco-environmental efficiency. Moreover, the ordinary least square as a supplementary method was used to regress the efficiency drivers. The results indicated the particular window width significantly affects the average of overall efficiencies; however, it shows no influence on the ranking of STP efficiency. The labor cost was determined as the most influential parameter, involving almost 40% of the total cost incurred. Hence, higher efficiency was observed with the larger-scale plants. Meanwhile, the statistical regression analysis illustrates the significance of plant scale, inflow
cBOD
concentrations, and inflow total phosphorus concentrations at
α
=
5
%
on the performance. Lastly, some applicable techniques were suggested in terms of GHG emission mitigation.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Fabric phase sorptive extraction followed by UHPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in sewage samples
A fast and sensitive sample preparation strategy using fabric phase sorptive extraction followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection has been developed to analyse benzotriazole UV stabilizer compounds in aqueous samples. Benzotriazole UV stabilizer compounds are a group of compounds added to sunscreens and other personal care products which may present detrimental effects to aquatic ecosystems. Fabric phase sorptive extraction is a novel solvent minimized sample preparation approach that integrates the advantages of sol–gel derived hybrid inorganic–organic nanocomposite sorbents and the flexible, permeable and hydrophobic surface chemistry of polyester fabric. It is a highly sensitive, fast, efficient and inexpensive device that can be reused and does not suffer from coating damage, unlike SPME fibres or stir bars. In this paper, we optimized the extraction of seven benzotriazole UV filters evaluating the majority of the parameters involved in the extraction process, such as sorbent chemistry selection, extraction time, back-extraction solvent, back-extraction time and the impact of ionic strength. Under the optimized conditions, fabric phase sorptive extraction allows enrichment factors of 10 times with detection limits ranging from 6.01 to 60.7 ng L⁻¹ and intra- and inter-day % RSDs lower than 11 and 30 % for all compounds, respectively. The optimized sample preparation technique followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection was applied to determine the target analytes in sewage samples from wastewater treatment plants with different purification processes of Gran Canaria Island (Spain). Two UV stabilizer compounds were measured in ranges 17.0–60.5 ng mL⁻¹ (UV 328) and 69.3–99.2 ng mL⁻¹ (UV 360) in the three sewage water samples analysed.
Journal Article
Rapid determination of 12 antibiotics and caffeine in sewage and bioreactor effluent by online column-switching liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
This study presents a column-switching solid-phase extraction online-coupled to a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous analysis of 12 antibiotics (7 sulfonamides and 5 fluoroquinolones) and caffeine detected in the sewage and effluent of a pilot anaerobic reactor used in sewage treatment. After acidification and filtration, the samples were directly injected into a simple and conventional LC system. Backflush and foreflush modes were compared based on the theoretical plates and peak asymmetry observed. The method was tested in terms of detection (MDL) and quantification limit (MQL), linearity, relative recovery, and precision intra- and inter-day in lab-made sewage samples. The method presented suitable figures of merit in terms of detection, varying from 8.00 × 10⁻⁵ to 6.00 × 10⁻² ng (0.800 up to 600 ng L⁻¹; caffeine) with direct injection volume of only 100 μL and 13 min of total analysis time (sample preparation and chromatographic run). When the method was applied in the analysis of sewage and effluent of the anaerobic reactor (n = 15), six antibiotics and caffeine were detected in concentrations ranging from 0.018 to 1097 μg L⁻¹. To guarantee a reliable quantification, standard addition was used to overcome the matrix effect.
Journal Article
Surveillance of Influenza A and the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in sewage and surface water in the Netherlands
The role of the water cycle in spreading human pathogenic influenza viruses is poorly studied and is not considered to be significant. However, gastrointestinal symptoms developed in a large proportion of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infected people during the pandemic in 2009 and fecal shedding was reported. This fecal route could potentially play a role in the entry of human pathogenic influenza viruses in to the water cycle. Monitoring of influenza viruses in sewage and surface water during the pandemic in 2009 showed that influenza A viruses were detected in sewage and surface water. However, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus was not detected. These findings imply that the water cycle did not play a relevant role in spreading the pandemic influenza virus during the epidemic in the Netherlands in 2009. Analyses of deliberately contaminated water samples confirmed the ability of quantitative RT-PCR to detect influenza viruses in sewage samples whereas the analysis of large volumes of surface water was strongly hampered by the presence of PCR-inhibiting substances.
Journal Article
Sewer Processes - Microbial and Chemical Process Engineering of Sewer Networks (2nd Edition)
Since the First Edition was published over a decade ago, advancements have been made in the design, operation, and maintenance of sewer systems, and new problems have emerged. For example, sewer processes are now integrated in computer models, and simultaneously, odor and corrosion problems caused by hydrogen sulfide and other volatile organic compounds, as well as other potential health issues, have caused environmental concerns to rise. Reflecting the most current developments, this book offers the reader updated and valuable information on the sewer as a chemical and biological reactor. It focuses on how to predict critical impacts and control adverse effects. It also provides an integrated description of sewer processes in modeling terms. This Second Edition is full of illustrative examples and figures, includes revisions of chapters from the previous edition, adds three new chapters, and presents extensive study questions.
eBook
Determination of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge and biochar from hydrothermal carbonization using different quantification approaches and matrix effect studies
Producing valuable biochar from waste materials using thermal processes like hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has gained attention in recent years. However, the fate of micropollutants present in these waste sources have been neglected, although they might entail the risk of environmental pollution. Thus, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for 12 pharmaceuticals to determine the micropollutant load of biochar, which was made from sewage sludge via HTC within 4 h at 210 °C. Pressurized liquid extraction was applied to extract the compounds. Because of the high load of co-extracted matter, matrix effects in HPLC-MS/MS were investigated using matrix effect profiles. Interfering compounds suppressed 50 % of the phenazone signal in sewage sludge and 70 % in biochar, for example. The quantification approaches external calibration, internal standard analysis, and standard addition were compared considering recovery rates, standard deviations, and measurement uncertainties. The external analysis resulted in decreased or enhanced recovery rates. Spiking before LC-MS/MS compensated instrumental matrix effects. Still, recovery rates remained below 70 % for most compounds because this approach neglects sample losses during the extraction. Internal standards compensated for the matrix effects sufficiently for up to five compounds. The standard addition over the whole procedure proved to compensate for the matrix effects for 11 compounds and achieved recovery rates between 85 and 125 %. Additionally, results showed good reproducibility and validity. Only sulfamethoxazole recovery rate remained below 70 % in sewage sludge. Real sample analysis showed that three pharmaceuticals were detected in the biochar, while the corresponding sewage sludge source contained 8 of the investigated compounds.
Graphical Abstract
ᅟ
Journal Article
Use of fatty acids as tracer of organic matter input associated with level of land urbanization
Suspended sediments (SSs) were examined regarding the content of fatty acids (FAs) to associate them with sources of soil entry into the river. The source of organic matter was traced through fatty acid distribution, as well as erosion. Also, TOC, TN, and TOC/NT were used to support the results of FAs. For this, a tropical river was chosen to understand the main source of input considering the level of land occupation along the river. The Barigui river, in southern Brazil, was segmented in four distinct areas regarding the soil occupation (P1, P2, P3, and P4). Nine sampling campaigns were conducted from Nov/2014 to Nov/2015 using a time-integrated sampler. Site P1 has the lowest level of urbanization and showed the lowest concentration of FAs (16.35 μg
−1
). In contrast, site P4, the most urbanized, showed the highest content of fatty acids, including those associated with erosion, 378.53 μg g
−1
, specifically those with long chains. The mean concentrations of the saturated fatty acids (FAs) was 283.40 μg g
−1
, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) was 79.46 μg g
−1
, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was 15.66 μg g
−1
. Twenty-seven fatty acids were examined, nevertheless C15:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1ω9 prevailed in all samples. Generally, those acids indicate sewage inputs. Statics analyses were used to find the relation between the source of organic matter (autochthonous, allochthones, and anthropogenic) and FAs. Finally, the input of organic matter is associated with land occupation, which can be distinguished by FA distribution.
Journal Article