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"Sewage Purification Phosphate removal."
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Phosphorus - Polluter and Resource of the Future - Removal and Recovery from Wastewater
Phosphorus has always been both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, it is essential for all life forms and cannot be replaced by anything. On the other hand, wastewater treatment aims to minimize phosphorus concentrations in wastewater in order to minimize its discharge into rivers and lakes, where eutrophication caused by high phosphorus concentrations would lead to excessive plant growth. Phosphorus is extracted from rock phosphate deposits, which are finite and non-renewable. And as the issue of resource conservation is the focus of attention worldwide, phosphorus must be used sustainably. This includes recycling of secondary phosphates, efficient extraction and treatment of raw phosphate as well as its efficient use.
eBook
Phosphorus
Phosphorus has always been both a curse and a blessing.On the one hand, it is essential for all life forms and cannot be replaced by anything.On the other hand, wastewater treatment aims to minimize phosphorus concentrations in wastewater in order to minimize its discharge into rivers and lakes, where eutrophication caused by high phosphorus.
eBook
Nutrient roadmap
This book is written to help utilities achieve the goal of a zero net impact with regard to nutrient discharges by 2040, is a first step toward accelerating the transition to smarter nutrient management, facilitating the shift from removal to recovery, and anticipating future requirements to conserve energy and reuse resources. By reading this book, you will have a better understanding of where your utility falls on the path to becoming a facility that not only produces clean water, but recovers critical nutrients for reuse in an energy-neutral manner. Case studies explore the innovative, cost-effective solutions employed by pioneering wastewater resource recovery facilities. This book acknowledges that each utility faces unique challenges and provides you with a variety of paths to follow and alternative destinations from which to choose as you embark on the road toward sustainability.
eBook
Evaluating the main and side effects of high salinity on aerobic granular sludge
Salinity can adversely affect the performance of most biological processes involved in wastewater treatment. The effect of salt on the main conversion processes in an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process accomplishing simultaneous organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphate removal was evaluated in this work. Hereto, an AGS sequencing batch reactor was subjected to different salt concentrations (0.2 to 20 g Cl⁻ l⁻¹). Granular structure was stable throughout the whole experimental period, although granule size decreased and a significant effluent turbidity was observed at the highest salinity tested. A weaker gel structure at higher salt concentrations was hypothesised to be the cause of such turbidity. Ammonium oxidation was not affected at any of the salt concentrations applied. However, nitrite oxidation was severely affected, especially at 20 g Cl⁻ l⁻¹, in which a complete inhibition was observed. Consequently, high nitrite accumulation occurred. Phosphate removal was also found to be inhibited at the highest salt concentration tested. Complementary experiments have shown that a cascade inhibition effect took place: first, the deterioration of nitrite oxidation resulted in high nitrite concentrations and this in turn resulted in a detrimental effect to polyphosphate-accumulating organisms. By preventing the occurrence of the nitrification process and therefore avoiding the nitrite accumulation, the effect of salt concentrations on the bio-P removal process was shown to be negligible up to 13 g Cl⁻ l⁻¹. Salt concentrations equal to 20 g Cl⁻ l⁻¹ or higher in absence of nitrite also significantly reduced phosphate removal efficiency in the system.
Journal Article
Phosphorous in the environment: characteristics with distribution and effects, removal mechanisms, treatment technologies, and factors affecting recovery as minerals in natural and engineered systems
Phosphorus (P), an essential element for living cells, is present in different soluble and adsorbed chemical forms found in soil, sediment, and water. Most species are generally immobile and easily adsorbed onto soil particles. However, P is a major concern owing to its serious environmental effects (e.g., eutrophication, scale formation) when found in excess in natural or engineered environments. Commercial chemicals, fertilizers, sewage effluent, animal manure, and agricultural waste are the major sources of P pollution. But there is limited P resources worldwide. Therefore, the fate, effects, and transport of P in association with its removal, treatment, and recycling in natural and engineered systems are important. P removal and recycling technologies utilize different types of physical, biological, and chemical processes. Moreover, P minerals (struvite, vivianite, etc.) can precipitate and form scales in drinking water and wastewater systems. Hence, P minerals (e.g., struvite, vivianite etc.) are problems when left uncontrolled and unmonitored although their recovery is beneficial (e.g., slow release fertilizers, sustainable P sources, soil enhancers). Sources like wastewater, human waste, waste nutrient solution, etc. can be used for P recycling. This review paper extensively summarizes the importance and distribution of P in different environmental compartments, the effects of P in natural and engineered systems, P removal mechanisms through treatment, and recycling technologies specially focusing on various types of phosphate mineral precipitation. In particular, the factors controlling mineral (e.g., struvite and vivianite) precipitation in natural and engineered systems are also discussed.
Journal Article
Phosphorus recovery from wastewater: needs, technologies and costs
Phosphorus is an essential, yet limited resource, which cannot be replaced by any other element. This is why there are increasing efforts to recycle phosphorus contained in wastewater. It involves the recovery of phosphorus and, normally, the separation of phosphates from harmful substances. Phosphorus can be recovered from wastewater, sewage sludge, as well as from the ash of incinerated sewage sludge, and can be combined with phosphorus removal in most cases. The phosphorus recovery rate from the liquid phase can reach 40 to 50% at the most, while recovery rates from sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash can reach up to 90%. There are various methods which can be applied for phosphorus recovery. Up to now, there is limited experience in industrial-scale implementation. The costs for recovered phosphate exceed the costs for phosphate from rock phosphate by several times. For German conditions, the specific additional costs of wastewater treatment by integrating phosphorus recovery can be estimated at €2–6 per capita and year.
Journal Article
Chemical phosphate removal from Hartbeespoort Dam water, South Africa
Phosphate is one of the major nutrients contributing to the increased eutrophication of lakes and natural waters. The feed water to the Hartbeespoort Dam amounts to 650 ML/d of mainly treated sewage. Phosphate levels in the dam water need to be lowered from the current 0.2 mg/L to less than 0.05 mg/L to control eutrophication. Chemicals such as iron(III), iron(II), aluminium(III) and lime can be used to precipitate phosphate as FePO4, Fe3(PO4)2, AlPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2, respectively. OLI software was used to identify the most suitable chemical for phosphate removal. It was found to be Ca(OH)2 as this only requires the pH to be raised to 9.5. FeCl3, FeCl2 and AlCl3 were found to be unsuitable due to the required pH and/or the extent to which they could remove phosphate. For lowering of phosphate levels from 0.2 mg/L (as P), the current concentration in the Hartbeespoort Dam water, to <0.05 mg/L (as P), the minimum concentration that is needed to support algal growth, a lime dosage of 50 mg/L is required. The cost of lime treatment will amount to 0.15 ZAR/m3. It is thus recommended that eutrophication in the Hartbeespoort Dam be controlled by removal of phosphate through lime dosing.
Journal Article
Study on the Effect of Iron-Carbon Micro-electrolysis Process on the Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Rural Domestic Wastewater with Low Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio
To study the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from low C/N ratio rural domestic sewage by Fe–C mixed fillers, in this study, a laboratory-scale iron-carbon microelectronics system (IC-ME) and an activated carbon system (AC) were established to purify rural domestic sewage with a C/N ratio of 1.9–4.4. The results show that the removal rates of NO3−-N, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) of the IC-ME system are 89.25%, 80.64%, and 92.2%, respectively. During the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 36 h, when the C/N ratio is 1.9. They are much higher than those of the AC system (NO3−-N: 31.09%; TN: 64.15%; TP: 26.34%). All the indicators reached the first class B standard of “Pollutant Discharge Standard of Urban Sewage Treatment Plant” (GB18918-2002) and the first-level discharge standard of Guangxi’s “Water Pollutants Discharge Standard for Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Facilities” (DB45/2413–2021). Micro-electrolysis can provide electrons for denitrification, further facilitating the process. In addition, the effective phosphorus removal is caused primarily by the corrosion of the iron anodes, which produces Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. These ions then react with PO43− to form phosphate precipitates, and at the same time, create Fe(OH)3/Fe(OH)2 colloids with OH− in the water, which can adsorb and flocculate organic phosphorus and PO43−. Based on high-throughput sequencing studies, the microbial abundance of Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes is much higher in the IC-ME system than in the AC system. Overall, the IC-ME process provides a new strategy for treating domestic wastewater in rural areas with low C/N ratios.
Journal Article