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"Sex differences (Psychology)"
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Venomous Tongues
Sandy Bardsley examines the complex relationship between speech and gender in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and engages debates on the static nature of women's status after the Black Death. Focusing on England, Venomous Tongues uses a combination of legal, literary, and artistic sources to show how deviant speech was increasingly feminized in the later Middle Ages. Women of all social classes and marital statuses ran the risk of being charged as scolds, and local jurisdictions interpreted the label \"scold\" in a way that best fit their particular circumstances. Indeed, Bardsley demonstrates, this flexibility of definition helped to ensure the longevity of the term: women were punished as scolds as late as the early nineteenth century.The tongue, according to late medieval moralists, was a dangerous weapon that tempted people to sin. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, clerics railed against blasphemers, liars, and slanderers, while village and town elites prosecuted those who abused officials or committed the newly devised offense of scolding. In courts, women in particular were prosecuted and punished for insulting others or talking too much in a public setting. In literature, both men and women were warned about women's propensity to gossip and quarrel, while characters such as Noah's Wife and the Wife of Bath demonstrate the development of a stereotypically garrulous woman. Visual representations, such as depictions of women gossiping in church, also reinforced the message that women's speech was likely to be disruptive and deviant.
eBook
Man and woman : an inside story
\"The saga of sex differences in brain and behavior begins with a tiny sperm swimming toward a huge egg, to contribute its tiny Y chromosome plus its copies of the other chromosomes. Genetic, anatomic and physiologic alterations in the male ensue, making his brain and behavior different in specific respects from his sister. Brain-wise, specific cell groups develop differently in males compared to females, in some cases right after birth and in other cases at puberty. But genetics and neuroanatomy do not dominate the scene. Prenatal stress, postnatal stress and lousy treatment at puberty all can affect males and females in different ways. The upshot of all these genetic and environmental factors produces small sex differences in certain abilities and huge sex differences in feelings, in pain and in suffering. Put this all together and the reader will see that biological and cultural influences on gender roles operate at so many different levels to influence behavioral mechanisms that gender role choices are flexible, reversible and non-dichotomous, especially in modern societies.\"--Book jacket.
Book
Multicultural Gender Roles
\"Multicultural Gender Roles continues to advance multidimensional identity models. Each data-informed chapter introduces genuine reflections and accountings that lead to a proposed process model highlighting the complexities of negotiating gender roles, rules, and responsibilities for ethnic minority individuals.\" -Patricia Arredondo, President, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago Campus \"This book is a must-read for counselors and educators seeking to have a full understanding of the people they work with.\" -Edward A. Delgado-Romero, PhD, Professor, The University of Georgia \"This extraordinary book presents vivid narratives of the challenges African American, Latina/o, Asian and Asian American women and men face in constructing their gender roles. The Multicultural Gender Role Model is groundbreaking.\" -Nancy Boyd-Franklin, PhD, Professor II - Distinguished Professor, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University Practical applications for mental health professionals and educators in helping clients and students understand and construct their roles within their schools, families, and communities Edited by Dr. Marie Miville-a recognized authority on multicultural issues in counseling and psychology-Multicultural Gender Roles provides mental health professionals, educators, and students entering these fields with a solid research grounding on how people of color can reframe their gender roles in today's world. Featuring personal experiences and stories based on interviews with over sixty individuals from various racial-ethnic backgrounds, Multicultural Gender Roles explores: Gender role construction among men and women of color Latino and Latina gender roles Gender roles among Asian/Asian American men and women Gender roles among African American men and women Negotiating multicultural gender roles
Utilizing current theory and new research, Multicultural Gender Roles provides practical applications for mental health professionals and educators working with diverse populations.
eBook
The psychology of gender
To what extent does gender influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings? How do \"nature\" and \"nurture\" interact to shape our identities as female or male? And what are the effects of gender on the ways we are perceived and treated by others? The second edition of this important text and reference confronts the central questions pertaining to gender differences and similarities across the lifespan. Rather than focusing on a particular viewpoint, the volume is carefully designed to foster comparison among different lines of psychological research and provide a broad survey of cutting-edge work in the field.
eBook
In a different voice : psychological theory and women's development
This is the little book that started a revolution. Published over 30 years ago, in 21 languages, 'In a Different Voice' made women's voices heard for the first time in social scientific theorising. Carol Gilligan's work and words inspired new research and stirred political debate that continues, unstifled, in our own time.
Book
Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students
Many college students register each semester for courses, leading to productive careers and fulfilled lives. During this time, the students have to manage many stressors stemming from academic, personal, and, sometimes, work lives. Students, who lack appropriate stress management skills, may find it difficult to balance these responsibilities.
This study examined stress, coping mechanisms, and gender differences in undergraduate students towards the end of the semester.
University students (n = 448) enrolled in three different undergraduate exercise science courses were assessed. Two instruments, the Perceived Stress Scale and Brief Cope, were administered during the twelfth week of the semester, four weeks prior to final exams. T-tests were used to detect gender differences for the stress levels and coping strategies.
Overall, females indicated higher levels of stress than their male counterparts. Gender differences were evident in both coping dimensions and individual coping strategies used. Females were found to utilize the emotion-focused coping dimension and endorsed the use of four coping strategies more often than males. These included self-distraction, emotional support, instrumental support, and venting.
This research adds to the existing literature by illuminating the level of perceived stress and different coping strategies used by undergraduate female and male students. In turn, students may need educational interventions to develop effective and healthy coping strategies to last a lifetime. Faculty and other university officials may want to highlight and understand these various factors to protect the students' wellbeing in their classes.
Journal Article
Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism
This study investigated sex/gender differences in camouflaging with children and adolescents (
N
= 84) with and without an autism diagnosis/increased levels of autistic traits using two conceptualisations/operationalisations of camouflaging. A significant group-by-gender interaction using ANCOVA, with the covariate of verbal IQ, reflected similar levels of social reciprocity in autistic and neurotypical females, whereas autistic males had lower reciprocity than neurotypical males. Autistic females also had higher reciprocity than autistic males, despite similar levels of autistic traits (behavioural camouflaging). Additionally, autistic males and females had similar theory of mind skills, despite females having increased reciprocity (compensatory camouflaging). These findings provide evidence of increased camouflaging in autistic females, which may contribute to delay in the recognition of difficulties and provision of support.
Journal Article