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Using data from the World Values Survey, this book sheds light on the link between happiness and the social group to which one belongs. The work is based on a rigorous statistical analysis of differences in the probability of happiness and life satisfaction between the predominant social group and subordinate groups. The cases of India and South Africa receive deep attention in dedicated chapters on cast and race, with other chapters considering issues such as cultural bias, religion, patriarchy, and gender. An additional chapter offers a global perspective. On top of this, the longitudinal nature of the data facilitates an examination of how world happiness has evolved between 1994 and 2014. This book will be a valuable reference for advanced students, scholars and policymakers involved in development economics, well-being, development geography, and sociology.

This book focuses on the enigmatic relationship between men and women, and in particular on the subordination of women by men in the work place. The main points of departure are that subordination is a relational phenomenon and should therefore be approached in a relational context and that the dynamics of relational behaviour primarily evolve through dialogue. The project facilitated and encouraged women and men to engage in more than 100 discussions about their daily relationships, carried out in the context of an intra- and inter-organizational action research project involving three organizations: a nuclear power plant, a school district and a postal district in a province of Sweden. The object was to allow for better mutual understanding and respect from an Irigarayan view where a substrate allows men and women to regard each other in their subjectivity without 'reducing the other to same'. The reflective and analytical nature of this study shows the dynamics of the discussions and their effects on the interpersonal and organizational level.Ingrid Ljungberg van Beinum, D. Soc. Sc., studied at the universities of Uppsala and Leiden. She has lived and worked in Sweden, England, Holland, India and Canada.

Despite the importance of clinical judgement in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) assessment, little is currently known about challenges faced by diagnosticians when the client is female, any sex/gender biases during the assessment process, and how these issues affect diagnostic outcomes. Forty-seven ASD diagnosticians completed a questionnaire containing two hypothetical case studies (a ‘male’ and ‘female’ ASD presentation), with sex/gender randomly assigned within each. Diagnosticians reported greater ASD symptom severity when female sex/gender pseudonyms were allocated to the case studies, but their confidence in ASD diagnosis was similar regardless of condition. Diagnosticians identified a large number of challenges associated with assessing females for ASD. Many of these related to sex/gender differences in ASD presentation and limitations of diagnostic instruments.

Background Especially in high HIV prevalence contexts, such as Zambia, effective biomedical prevention tools are needed for priority populations (PPs), including key populations (KPs), who are at higher risk. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been scaled up nationally in Zambia, but little is known about barriers to PrEP use among specific PPs to date. Methods To understand barriers and facilitators to PrEP use in Zambia, we conducted a qualitative case study of PrEP services to PPs including sero-discordant couples (SDCs), female sex workers (FSWs), and men who have sex with men (MSM) in Livingstone. The study conducted in 2021 included in-depth interviews ( n  = 43) guided by the socio-ecological model, and focus group discussions ( n  = 4) with clinic and community-based providers and PrEP-eligible clients including users and non-users across PP groups. We used thematic analysis to analyze data using codes derived both deductively and inductively. Results We found multilevel barriers and facilitators to PrEP use. Cross-cutting barriers shared across PP groups included amplifying effects of PrEP being mistaken for antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV, including anticipated stigma, and concerns about side-effects based on both misinformation and experience. In addition, stigmatized identities, particularly that of MSM, served as a barrier to PrEP use. The fear of being mislabeled as having HIV was of greatest concern for FSWs. Facilitators to PrEP use primarily included the importance of confidential, KP-sensitive services, and the role of informed, supportive family, friends, and peers. Participants across all PP groups urged expanded education efforts to increase awareness of PrEP within the general population toward mitigating concerns of being mislabeled as living with HIV. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study of the PrEP cascade among multiple PPs in Zambia. This study provides important explanation for the low rates of PrEP continuation found in earlier demonstration trials among KPs in Zambia. The study also offers recommendations for programming efforts going forward such as inclusive PrEP awareness campaigns, expanded KP sensitivity training, and related efforts to thwart PrEP stigma while expanding access.

The STEM workforce is marked by the persistent underrepresentation of women. Herein, we seek a better understanding of this gender gap in different science disciplines within Latin America. Specifically, we analyzed a case study: the professional development of women in science research institutes of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). This interdisciplinary work analyzed quantitative and qualitative data through an intersectional philosophical lens, employing specific analytical tools drawn from feminist epistemology. We examined the interplay between horizontal and vertical segregation, symbolic and structural obstacles, and economic labor precariousness within the framework of gender norms. Shared trends in the Global North were analyzed to understand the perpetuation of gender stereotypes in the production of scientific knowledge. Additionally, we examined the relationship between the values embedded in gender norms and the cultural capital--here defined as encompassing both economic status and social legitimacy--associated with each discipline. Our findings indicate that, although women are underrepresented in pSTEM, they experience less vertical segregation than their counterparts in STEM related to the Natural Sciences. This suggests that knowledge areas currently associated with the highest cultural capital (pSTEM) may impose primarily symbolic rather than structural barriers for women. By contrast, in fields characterized by less masculine-coded values, women appear to face predominantly structural obstacles, as evidenced by the vertical segregation observed. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the gender biases that exclude women from STEM disciplines.

This article works to understand what happens to women working in the public sector, especially women in traditionally male occupations, such as the police. Moreover, in Latin America and in most developing countries, it is crucial to examine the interaction between precarious jobs and gender discrimination. The article finds that gender discrimination is accentuated in organizations with precarious labor conditions. To illustrate this problem, it examines the police force in Mexico. This is a crucial case study for understanding the phenomena: Mexico is an extremely violent country, but conditions in the police force are highly precarious for workers. Moreover, this labor precariousness has an even greater impact on female police officers. In addition to working in a profession characterized by instability, they also face structural barriers to the performance of their duties and greater obstacles to entry and promotion within the organization. Furthermore, women face the glass ceiling as well as a hostile work culture that expresses itself through discrimination. Este artículo analiza qué sucede con las mujeres que trabajan en ocupaciones del sector público tradicionalmente masculinas, como la policía. Además, en América Latina y en la mayoría de los países en desarrollo, es clave examinar la interacción entre empleos precarios y discriminación por motivos de género. De hecho, encontramos que esta última se acentúa en organizaciones con condiciones laborales precarias. Para ilustrar este problema examinamos la organización policial en México. Este es un caso de estudio clave para entender el fenómeno: México es un país extremadamente violento, no obstante, las condiciones laborales de la policía son precarias. Esta precariedad tiene un mayor impacto para las mujeres pues además de trabajar en una profesión caracterizada por la inestabilidad, enfrentan barreras estructurales en el desempeño de sus funciones y mayores obstáculos de ingreso y ascenso dentro de la organización.

Introduction Adolescents and young women in low-middle-income countries face obstacles to accessing HIV, Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), and related Gender-Based Violence (GBV) services. This paper presents facilitators, opportunities, and barriers to enhance uptake of HIV, GBV, and SRH services among Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) in selected districts in Zambia. Methods This study was conducted in Chongwe, Mazabuka, and Mongu Districts among adolescent girls and young women in Zambia. Key informants (n = 29) and in and out-of-school adolescents and young people (n = 25) were interviewed. Purposive sampling was used to select and recruit the study participants. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a content analysis approach was used for analysis. Results The facilitators that were used to enhance the uptake of services included having access to health education information on comprehensive adolescent HIV and gender-based violence services. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were the main source of this information. The opportunities bordered on the availability of integrated approaches to service delivery and strengthened community and health center linkages with referrals for specialised services. However, the researchers noted some barriers at individual, community, and health system levels. Refusal or delay to seek the services, fear of side effects associated with contraceptives, and long distance to the health facility affected the uptake of services. Social stigma and cultural beliefs also influenced the understanding and use of the available services in the community. Health systems barriers were; inadequate infrastructure, low staffing levels, limited capacity of staff to provide all the services, age and gender of providers, and lack of commodities and specialised services. Conclusion The researchers acknowledge facilitators and opportunities that enhance the uptake of HIV, GBV, and SRH services. However, failure to address barriers at the individual and health systems level always negatively impacts the uptake of known and effective interventions. They propose that programme managers exploit the identified opportunities to enhance uptake of these services for the young population.

This article aims to understand the concept of femvertising, a neologism derived from the combination of the English terms feminism and advertising. Femvertising proposes an advertising approach focused on strengthening the image of women and deconstructing the stereotypes historically associated with them. The methodology adopted was divided into two stages: the first consisted of a literature review based on scientific articles, aligned with case studies of the Itaipava beverage commercial and Dove's \"Real Beauty Sketches\" campaign; the second stage involved field research with 93 women, through the application of a questionnaire containing questions about female perceptions regarding the representation of women in advertising campaigns. The results reveal that advertising campaigns adopting more inclusive and respectful approaches significantly contribute to women's empowerment. Brands that use femvertising demonstrate greater sensitivity to gender issues and promote more realistic and positive representations of women. It is concluded that femvertising represents a relevant strategy both for marketing and for society, as it helps to enhance the value of women and address gender inequality. Keywords: Advertising Campaigns. Women's Empowerment. Femvertising. Brands. Este artigo tem como objetivo principal compreender o conceito de femvertising, um neologismo originado da juncao dos termos em ingles feminism (feminismo) e advertising (publicidade). O femvertising propoe uma abordagem publicitaria voltada ao fortalecimento da imagem feminina e a desconstrucao de estereotipos historicamente associados as mulheres. A metodologia adotada foi dividida em duas etapas: a primeira consistiu em uma pesquisa bibliografica com base em artigos cientificos, alinhada aos estudos de casos do comercial de bebidas Itaipava e o comercial da Dove \"Retratos da real beleza\"; a segunda etapa envolveu uma pesquisa de campo com 93 mulheres, por meio da aplicacao de um formulario contendo perguntas sobre a percepcao feminina em relacao as representacoes de mulheres nas campanhas publicitarias. Os resultados revelam que campanhas publicitarias que adotam abordagens mais inclusivas e respeitosas contribuem significativamente para o empoderamento feminino. Marcas que utilizam o femvertising demonstram maior sensibilidade as questoes de genero e promovem representacoes mais realistas e positivas da mulher. Conclui-se que o femvertising representa uma estrategia relevante tanto para o marketing quanto para a sociedade, ao colaborar para a valorizacao da mulher e o enfrentamento da desigualdade de genero. Palavras-chave: Campanhas Publicitarias. Empoderamento Feminino. Femvertising. Marcas. Este articulo tiene como objetivo principal comprender el concepto de femvertising, un neologismo originado de la union de los terminos en ingles feminism (feminismo) y advertising (publicidad). El femvertising propone un enfoque publicitario orientado al fortalecimiento de la imagen femenina y a la desconstruccion de estereotipos historicamente asociados a las mujeres. La metodologia adoptada se dividio en dos etapas: la primera consistio en una investigacion bibliografica basada en articulos cientificos, alineada con los estudios de caso del comercial de bebidas Itaipava y el comercial de Dove \"Retratos de la belleza real\"; la segunda etapa involucro una investigacion de campo con 93 mujeres, mediante la aplicacion de un formulario con preguntas sobre la percepcion femenina respecto a las representaciones de mujeres en las campanas publicitarias. Los resultados revelan que las campanas publicitarias que adoptan enfoques mas inclusivos y respetuosos contribuyen significativamente al empoderamiento femenino. Las marcas que utilizan el femvertising demuestran mayor sensibilidad hacia las cuestiones de genero y promueven representaciones mas realistas y positivas de la mujer. Se concluye que el femvertising representa una estrategia relevante tanto para el marketing como para la sociedad, al colaborar en la valorizacion de la mujer y el enfrentamiento de la desigualdad de genero. Palabras clave: Campanas Publicitarias. Empoderamiento Femenino. Femvertising. Marcas.