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"Sex discrimination against women -- United States"
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Playing with the boys : why separate is not equal in sports
From small-town life to the national stage, from the boardroom to Capitol Hill, athletic contests help define what we mean in America by “success.” And by keeping women from “playing with the boys” on the grounds that they are inherently inferior to men, society relegates them to second-class status in American life. In this forcefully argued book, Eileen McDonagh and Laura Pappano show in vivid detail how women have been unfairly excluded from participating in sports on an equal footing with men. Using dozens of powerful examples from the world of contemporary American athletics--girls and women trying to break through in football, ice hockey, wrestling, and baseball to name just a few--the authors show that sex differences are not sufficient to warrant women’s coercive exclusion from competing with men; that some sex-group differences actually confer a sports advantage to women; and that “special rules” for women in sports do not simply reflect the “differences” between the sexes, but actively create and reinforce a view that women as a group are inherently inferior to men--even when women clearly are not. For instance, women’s bodies give them a physiological advantage in endurance sports like the ultra-marathon and distance swimming. So, why do so many Olympic events--from swimming to skiing to running to bike racing--have shorter races for women than men? Likewise, why are women’s tennis matches limited to three sets while men’s are best-of-fives? This book shows how sex-segregated sports policies, instead of reflecting sex-group differences, in fact construct them. An original and provocative argument to level the athletic playing field, Playing with the Boys issues a clarion call for sex-sensible policies in sports as a crucial step toward achieving social, economic, and political equality for men and women in our society.
eBook
Equality on Trial
In 1964, as part of its landmark Civil Rights Act, Congress outlawed workplace discrimination on the basis of such personal attributes as sex, race, and religion. This provision, known as Title VII, laid a new legal foundation for women's rights at work. Though President Kennedy and other lawmakers expressed high hopes for Title VII, early attempts to enforce it were inconsistent. In the absence of a consensus definition of sex equality in the law or society, Title VII's practical meaning was far from certain.The first history to foreground Title VII's sex provision, Equality on Trial examines how the law's initial promise inspired a generation of Americans to dispatch expansive notions of sex equality. Imagining new solidarities and building a broad class politics, these workers and activists engaged Title VII to generate a pivotal battle over the terms of democracy and the role of the state in all labor relationships. But the law's ambiguity also allowed for narrow conceptions of sex equality to take hold. Conservatives found ways to bend Title VII's possible meanings to their benefit, discovering that a narrow definition of sex equality allowed businesses to comply with the law without transforming basic workplace structures or ceding power to workers. These contests to fix the meaning of sex equality ultimately laid the legal and cultural foundation for the neoliberal work regimes that enabled some women to break the glass ceiling as employers lowered the floor for everyone else.Synthesizing the histories of work, social movements, and civil rights in the postwar United States, Equality on Trial recovers the range of protagonists whose struggles forged the contemporary meanings of feminism, fairness, and labor rights.
eBook
Organizational obliviousness : entrenched resistance to gender integration in the military
\"Exploring efforts to integrate women into combat forces in the military, this book investigates how resistance to equity becomes entrenched, ultimately excluding women from being full participants in the workplace. Based on focus groups and surveys with members of Special Operations, we found most of the resistance is rooted in traditional gender stereotypes that are often bolstered through organizational policies and practices\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Gaslighted : how the oil and gas industry shortchanges women scientists
The oil and gas industry is one of the richest and most powerful industries in the world. In recent years, company avowals in support of diversity, much-touted programs for \"women in STEM,\" and, most importantly, a tight labor market with near parity in women pursuing geoscience credentials might lead us to expect progress for women in this industry's corporate ranks. Yet, for all the talk of \"the great crew change,\" the industry remains overwhelmingly white and male. Sociologist Christine L. Williams asks, where are the women?
To answer this question, Williams embarked on a decade-long investigation-one involving one hundred in-depth interviews, a longitudinal survey, and ethnographic research-that allowed her to observe the industry in times of boom and bust. She found that when the industry expands, women may be able to walk through the door, but when the industry contracts, the door becomes a revolving one, whirling ever faster, as companies retreat to their white male core. These gendered outcomes are obscured by firms' stated commitments to diversity in hiring and the language of merit. The result is organizational gaslighting, a radical dissonance between language and practice that Williams exposes for all.
eBook
Flirting with Danger
How young women make sense of, resist, and negotiate
conflicting messages on female sexuality and sexual agency
In Flirting with Danger , Lynn M. Phillips explores
how young women make sense of, resist, and negotiate conflicting
cultural messages about sexual agency, responsibility, aggression,
and desire. How do women develop their ideas about sex, love, and
domination? Why do they express feminist views condemning male
violence in the abstract, but often adamantly refuse to name their
own violent and exploitive encounters as abuse, rape, or
victimization? Based on in-depth individual and collective
interviews with a racially and culturally diverse sample of
college-aged women, Flirting with Danger sheds
valuable light on the cultural lenses through which young women
interpret their sexual encounters and their experiences of male
aggression in heterosexual relationships. Phillips makes an
important contribution to the fields of female and adolescent
sexuality, feminist theory, and feminist method. The volume will
also be of particular use to advocates seeking to design prevention
and intervention programs which speak to the complex needs of women
grappling with questions of sexuality and violence.
eBook
