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Mössbauer spectra measured by the Opportunity rover revealed four mineralogical components in Meridiani Planum at Eagle crater: jarosite- and hematite-rich outcrop, hematite-rich soil, olivine-bearing basaltic soil, and a pyroxene-bearing basaltic rock (Bounce rock). Spherules, interpreted to be concretions, are hematiterich and dispersed throughout the outcrop. Hematitic soils both within and outside Eagle crater are dominated by spherules and their fragments. Olivine-bearing basaltic soil is present throughout the region. Bounce rock is probably an impact erratic. Because jarosite is a hydroxide sulfate mineral, its presence at Meridiani Planum is mineralogical evidence for aqueous processes on Mars, probably under acid-sulfate conditions.

The unique organizational framework for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons developed by us has led to the discovery of number patterns for their number of isomers. Constant-isomer series are generated by repetitive circumscribing of a given set of isomers. Benzenoid, fluoranthenoid, indacenoid, and primitive coronoid constant isomer series possess twin isomer numbers with members having corresponding topologies. The concepts of strictly pericondensed, strain-free, Clar’s aromatic sextet, and symmetry are interconnected in the topological correspondence between strictly pericondensed and total resonant sextet (TRS) benzenoid hydrocarbons. In a plot of TRS isomer numbers on the Formula Periodic Table for Total Resonant Sextet Benzenoids [Table PAH6(TRS)] which is a subset of Table PAH6 for ordinary benzenoids, structural correlations in isomer numbers, symmetry distributions, and empty rings between various strain-free TRS benzenoids are presented. These chemical graph theoretical results belong to the branch of mathematics called number theory.

This course is designed to present and develop jazz arranging and compositional principles. In preparation for successful improvisation, composing and transcription, a wide range of theoretical topics are presented.The stylistic considerations of jazz improvisation and composition require an extensive and working knowledge of jazz theory, and mastery of diatonic, bitonal, poly-tonal and atonal theoretical maximums and processes - including the refining of the [imitation] transcription process towards theoretical justification and conventional usage.

Quantitative assessment of the first acidity constant (p K a ) for BFC (27.6 in CH 3 CN) and FIC (27.8 in CH 3 CN) shows the methylene protons to be significantly more acidic than those in related cyclopentadiene (32 in CH 3 CN), indene (34 in CH 3 CN), or fluorene (37 in CH 3 CN) and comparable to the methine of 9-perfluorophenylfluorene (28.14 in CH 3 CN). This work reports quantitative p K a values of BFC and FIC, places those values in a broadened context of CpH-cognate hydrocarbon acidity and presents a Clar–Loschmidt graph perspective to help understand the “surprises”.

BackgroundThe caudate lobe (S1) of the liver, due to its deep central position, presents a formidable challenge for laparoscopic resection. Historical skepticism about laparoscopic approaches has been overshadowed by advancements in technology and technique, with recent studies showing comparable outcomes to open surgery.MethodsThis paper introduces the \"Easy First\" technique and the Sextet strategies for laparoscopic hepatic caudate lobectomy. The strategies include meticulous preoperative planning, optimal trocar placement, and team positioning, tailored to the anatomical complexities of the caudate lobe.ResultsWith a 0% conversion and mortality rate, our series demonstrates the safety of the \"Easy First\" technique. The Sextet strategies have been instrumental in navigating the technical challenges, emphasizing the importance of patient selection and surgeon expertise.ConclusionThe \"Easy First\" technique, with its structured approach and the Sextet strategies, offers a replicable method for laparoscopic caudate lobectomy. It underscores the need for stringent patient selection, advanced technical skill, and high-volume center expertise to ensure procedural success and patient safety.

In this work, Clar’s rule was employed to predict changes in stability and energy gap of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) following the attachment of an epoxy functional group at various positions, using coronene as a model molecule. To evaluate the applicability of this approach, quantum-chemical calculations were performed within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). It was established that Clar’s rule enables highly accurate prediction of the most reactive sites on GQDs, as well as corresponding changes in energy gap. The obtained results hold particular value for studying GQDs of varying sizes.

Mössbauer spectra measured on Mars by the Spirit rover during the primary mission are characterized by two ferrous iron doublets (olivine and probably pyroxene) and a ferric iron doublet (tentatively associated to nanophase ferric iron oxide). Two sextets resulting from nonstoichiometric magnetite are also present, except for a coating on the rock Mazatzal, where a hematite-like sextet is present. Greater proportions of ferric-bearing phases are associated with undisturbed soils and rock surfaces as compared to fresh rock surfaces exposed by grinding. The ubiquitous presence of olivine in soil suggests that physical rather than chemical weathering processes currently dominate at Gusev crater.

The Jazz Problem shows how high schools and colleges were the primary sites of this generational debate around jazz, the century's first cultural war. Schools were crucial sites of dispute between the worldviews of the late nineteenth century and the emerging modern world, one synonymous with jazz. As a major site of character formation where students came of age, high schools and colleges were the places where jazz was simultaneously celebrated and denigrated. Educators saw jazz as inseparable from other vices, such as smoking, drinking, \"immodest dress\" (for women), and some degree of sexual activity. Yet young people felt jazz was their music and relished the sense of generational autonomy that came with their affinity for jazz. This book offers a fresh and compelling look at the jazz controversy and how it shaped not only America.

Masters of the Sabaris the first book to examine the music and culture of Wolof griot percussionists, masters of the vibrant sabar drumming tradition. Based on extensive field research in Senegal, this book is a biographical study of several generations of percussionists in a Wolof griot (géwël) family, exploring and documenting their learning processes, repertories, and performance contexts-from life-cycle ceremonies to sporting events and political meetings. Patricia Tang examines the rich history and changing repertories of sabar drumming, including dance rhythms andbàkks, musical phrases derived from spoken words. She notes the recent shift towards creating newbàkkswhich are rhythmically more complex and highlight the virtuosity and musical skill of the percussionist. She also considers the burgeoning popular music genre calledmbalax.The compact disc that accompanies the book includes examples of the standard sabar repertory, as well asbàkkscomposed and performed by Lamine Touré and his family drum troupe.

We presented small groups of chimpanzees with two collective action situations, in which action was necessary for reward but there was a disincentive for individuals to act owing to the possibility of free-riding on the efforts of others. We found that in simpler scenarios (experiment 1) in which group size was small, there was a positive relationship between rank and action with more dominant individuals volunteering to act more often, particularly when the reward was less dispersed. Social tolerance also seemed to mediate action whereby higher tolerance levels within a group resulted in individuals of lower ranks sometimes acting and appropriating more of the reward. In more complex scenarios, when group size was larger and cooperation was necessary (experiment 2), overcoming the problem was more challenging. There was highly significant variability in the action rates of different individuals as well as between dyads, suggesting success was more greatly influenced by the individual personalities and personal relationships present in the group.