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Background Most diagnosed oral cancer cases in Saudi Arabia are in the Jazan region. A common type of smokeless tobacco \"Shammah\" is prevalent in this region. This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the possible psychosocial determinants of Shammah consumption among adult Shammah users in Jazan region. Methods A qualitative study was conducted by means of one-on-one interviews among thirty adult Shammah users. Participants were recruited by means of a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide utilizing face-to-face and phone-call interviews. Thematic analysis with hybrid approach was used to analyze the dataset. Results Twenty-four sub-codes within four overarching themes were generated. Participants revealed uncertainty related to Shammah composition, how to quit knowledge and Shammah prevention/cessation programs. Shammah use identified as a normal phenomenon in society. Its use was frequently reported in participants’ close network but most users faced family and peers’ disapproval. Some users expressed joy, happiness and focused when using Shammah. Others were disgusted or neutral. Many users believed Shammah causes cancer and tears oral tissues. Others believed it relieves toothache or has no effect. Majority of users were confident to quit and recalled some quitting aids. Toothache, craving, drinking tea and chewing Khat (leaves of Catha edulis plant that causes moderate euphoria) perceived to be triggers to use Shammah. Availability of Shammah, withdrawal symptoms, stress, lack of support, seeing others using Shammah, losing part of routine and toothache were barriers to quit. Conclusions Shammah use was associated with uncertainty about Shammah composition and quitting knowledge, social acceptability, influence from family/friends, a range of positive and negative attitudinal beliefs toward its use and high quitting efficacy beliefs. Future interventions targeting Shammah should address the acknowledged triggers and barriers in the present study including the dual use of Shammah and Khat.

WHO estimates that the global number of tobacco users exceeds 1.3 billion people. Few studies have examined the effect of locally made smokeless tobacco (ST) products on the color changes of material used in dental prosthetics. Bearing the recent advances in CAD/CAM ceramic restorations material in mind, this study aimed to assess ST influence on mean color change (∆E*) values among selected CAD/CAM ceramic types: multilayer zirconia (Ceramill Zolid PS), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity), and feldspathic (Vita TriLuxe) restorative materials. The color changes of the ceramics were compared to VITA classical and VITA 3D-MASTER shade guides. Sixty CAD/CAM ceramic specimens (20 samples each) were fabricated from Ceramill Zolid PS, Vita TriLuxe Forte, and VITA Suprinity. Specimens were prepared and divided into two groups according to the ST type and immersed for two weeks. Basic VITA classical and VITA 3D-MASTER colors were recorded at a baseline of one week and two weeks. The highest ∆E* values were recorded in the black ST for Vita Suprinity (4.77) in the first week, followed by Vita TriLuxe (4.07) in the second week. For white ST, Vita TriLuxe (4.87), and Vita Suprinity (4.42) showed extensive color change after two weeks and one week, respectively. The color change was least in zirconia for black and white ST after one week. CAD/CAM ceramic materials showed no significant difference after 1 and 2 weeks for the tested ST types. The effects of ST on CAD/CAM ceramic material (∆E* values) were high but did not reach clinically unacceptable values. Zirconia showed the least amount of color change among all the tested materials.

Introduction: Cancer of the oral cavity is regarded lethal with a fairly low mean 5-year survival rate. The current systematic review and meta-analysis is the first of its kind to examine, if the evidence from the Middle East and North African region indicates an association between oral cancer and tobacco; and evaluates the quality of the evidence that portrays this relationship. Methods: A search for articles was carried out in October 2017 and then crosschecked at the end of June 2018 using Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Retrieved articles were later subjected to eligibility criteria. The search was not limited to any particular research design adopted by the investigators. However, dissertations, theses and opinion-based reviews generated from the search were excluded during the screening of titles and abstracts. Quality of included studies was determined objectively (Newcastle Ottawa Scale) and subjectively. Revman (Version 5.3) was used for conducting the meta-analysis. Results: Six studies satisfied the selection criteria of the current review. The New Castle Ottawa evaluation scale suggested that the three cross-sectional studies and the three case-control studies included in the current review were of relatively low to moderate quality. All included studies explored the association of only one form of smokeless tobacco, i.e. shammah. Three case-control studies revealed a pooled estimate odds ratio of 38.74 (95% CI: 19.50 – 76.96), indicating that the odds for the occurrence of oral cancer among shammah users were nearly 39 times higher compared to the non-users. Conclusions: Shammah is a potential risk factor for oral cancer; thus, it is necessary that public health practitioners design and implement effective strategies to prevent the abuse of shammah.

To report the prevalence and types of biopsied oral and maxillofacial lesions (OMLs) in South-Western (Jazan Province) region, , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: This retrospective study was based on the retrieval of clinicopathological data for a period of 6 years between January 2009 and December 2014. These  data were obtained between October 2014 and June 2015 from the histopathology records of King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan, KSA, which is the only referral center for biopsy services. Results: Out of the 32149 biopsies received, 714 (2.2%) were OMLs. The age ranged from 0 (neonatal) to 100 years, with a mean age of 46.8±23.4 and a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.3. The tongue was the most common site for OMLs and for malignant neoplasms, in particular. The most common category was malignant neoplasm (38.7%), followed by inflammatory lesions (16.5%). Oral malignancies accounted for 15.8% of all malignancies. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (36.1%) was the most frequent type, followed by pyogenic granuloma and mucocele (7% each). Shammah-associated OSCC and epithelial dysplasia were twice as common in females. Conclusion: The number of non-malignant OMLs was much lower than expected in comparison to oral malignancies. This difference can likely be explained by the fact that the biopsies were taken only when malignancy was suspected. The higher rate of OSCC reported from this region is attributed to shammah usage. This study emphasizes the importance of biopsy services for all OMLs and the prevention of shammah use.

Background The traditional type of smokeless tobacco used in the Arabian Peninsula, particularly common in Yemen, is called shammah. This study aims to determine the prevalence of shammah use and its association with the development of periodontal pockets. Other associated factors with the development of periodontal pocket were also determined. Methods This cross-sectional study included 346 adult males aged 18 years old to 68 years old. Socio-demographic characteristics, oral hygiene practices, and shammah use history were surveyed by using a structured interview questionnaire. The clinical assessment for the presence or absence of periodontal pockets was assessed on the basis of community periodontal index. The chi-square test was used to assess significant differences in study groups in terms of the presence of periodontal pockets. Multivariable logistic regression was selected to assess potential associated factors with the development of periodontal pockets. Results Among the 346 adult males, 248 (71.7 %), 30 (8.6 %), and 68 (19.7 %) males never used shammah, were former shammah users, and were current shammah users, respectively. The significant associated factors with the development of periodontal pocket were age group (30 years old and above) (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.03, 95 % CI: 1.13, 3.65; P  = 0.018), low family income category (AOR = 2.35, 95 % CI: 1.39, 3.99; P  = 0.001), former shammah user (AOR = 2.66, 95 %: CI: 1.15, 6.15; P  = 0.022), and current shammah user (AOR = 6.62, 95 %: CI: 3.59, 12.21; P  = 0.001). Conclusions The results revealed that periodontal pockets were significantly associated with age group (30 years old and above), low family income category, former shammah use, and current shammah use. The findings of the current study highlighted the need to develop comprehensive shammah prevention programs and reduce periodontal disease and other shammah-associated diseases.

The Nov. 7 [Cher] concert may be the next boon for downtown bars, hotels and restaurants, but for eBay.com ticket auctioneers, the concert is already a bonanza. Shammah Rodriguez, a 20-year-old Corpus Christi waitress, earned $2,000.13 Tuesday afternoon from selling two floor seats after a three-day auction on eBay.com, KRIS 6 News reported. Rodriguez, who has auctioned Tim McGraw and Toby Keith tickets on eBay, says Cher is her biggest moneymaker.

The year after he arrived in Montreal, [Safdie] decided to apply to architecture school at McGill University. He says he did so purely on a whim (\"I'd never even met an architect\"), though he does recall that he always enjoyed designing cars. In a recently published record of all his projects, Safdie includes the Merkavah tank, listing the famed \"father\" of the tank, reserve Maj. Gen. Yisrael Tal, as his \"client.\" When asked about Safdie's role in the Merkavah's design, Tal says that Safdie's contribution consisted of making a \"single comment,\" which resulted in the \"streamlining of one corner\" of the tank, adding without any rancor that \"with the years, Moshe's contribution grows.\" At the same time, Tal will allow that Safdie's \"single comment\" did prove his thesis that there's a connection between the aesthetic and the functional. It was 14 years before Safdie returned for a visit to his birthplace, and when he came back it was as the world-famous designer of Habitat, which during the fair had attracted over 7 million visitors. In the interim, he had graduated architecture school and had a brief but significant apprenticeship with Louis Kahn, one of the modern era's greatest architects. He'd subsequently opened his own office in Montreal, and married an Israeli woman he'd met in Canada. (Today, Safdie is married for the second time, to Jerusalem-born photographer Michal Ronnen; they have two teenage daughters, and Safdie has two adult children from his first marriage.) Safdie the star was returning to a country that was heady with its stunning victory in the Six-Day War. The no man's land that had divided the capital had come down, and East Jerusalem, including the Old City, had been reunited with the city's western half. \"I came to Jerusalem and I met Teddy Kollek, and I fell in love with the city. Before I knew it I had a number of commissions here.\" One of them, the restoration of the Jewish Quarter, had a fateful condition attached to it: \"that I set up an office locally. I didn't know what I was getting into.\" When in town, he and the family live in the apartment he reconstructed in the Jewish Quarter, overlooking the Western Wall. (Michal Ronnen Safdie just published a book of photographs of the Wall, many of which were shot from their apartment.) During a recent stay in the capital, Safdie sits in his office, which is perched on the edge of the Mamilla construction site. His white hair is much thinner than it appears in pictures of his youth, but he still has the same mustache and piercing eyes. His clothes are uniform from day to day, though he says he's got multiple sets: a collarless, long-sleeved white cotton shirt (which he designed, \"so that on almost all occasions I can get away with not wearing a tie\") and khaki pants. Safdie is charming and attentive, but not drippingly so. He radiates a certain distant calm, and a self- confidence that is reassuring rather than irritating. In the 1979 book he wrote about his work in Jerusalem, Safdie entitled a chapter about [Herod] the Great, \"I Encounter a Great Urban Designer.\" Though Safdie has no reason to want to be compared on the personal level with the cruel, Roman-appointed king, one can easily imagine his seeing himself as the modern successor as urban designer to the man best remembered for constructing the Second Temple.

  Hani is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Abu Dhabi-based Bloom Properties since August 2007. His mandate is to develop Bloom into a leading developer of integrated property and lifestyle solutions within communities in Abu Dhabi and beyond. He worked at ABN AMRO Bank in both London and Dubai where he headed the Public Sector, Financial Sponsors and TMT practice for the Middle East region (2002-2006) before joining Noor Capital in Abu Dhabi as CEO. In 1998, he joined SG Securities as Head of Equity Research for the MENA region. [Hani Shammah] has more than 20 years of experience from working in New York, London, Dubai and Abu Dhabi. \"We are very excited to become the partner of Bloom,\" added Selwyn Lewis, the Chairman of Treble Group International Ltd. \"We believe that sport and entertainment are two significant growth areas in the Middle East region, and particularly so in Abu Dhabi. We are absolutely delighted to bring our expertise and knowledge of working with leading sports and entertainment properties and rights holders to this landmark partnership. Abu Dhabi expects nothing but the very best and we intend to deliver world class events and opportunities in the fields of sport, entertainment and culture.\"