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"Shellfish in art."
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Lobster
Takes us on a journey through the history, biology, and culture of lobsters, including the creature's economic and environmental status worldwide. He describes the evolution of technologies to capture these creatures and addresses the ethics of boiling them alive. Along the way, King also explores the salacious lobster palaces of the 1920s, the animal's thousand-year status as an aphrodisiac, and how the lobster has inspired numerous artists, writers, and thinkers including Aristotle, Dickens, Thoreau, Dali, and Woody Allen.
Book
Lobster (Animal)
Richard J. King takes us on a journey through the history, biology, cuisine and culture of lobsters, and their economic and environmental status worldwide. He also explores how the animal has inspired numerous artists, writers and thinkers including Aristotle, Dickens, Thoreau, Dali and Woody Allen.
eBook
Archaeological shellfish size and later human evolution in Africa
Approximately 50 ka, one or more subgroups of modern humans expanded from Africa to populate the rest of the world. Significant behavioral change accompanied this expansion, and archaeologists commonly seek its roots in the African Middle Stone Age (MSA; ∼200 to ∼50 ka). Easily recognizable art objects and “jewelry” become common only in sites that postdate the MSA in Africa and Eurasia, but some MSA sites contain possible precursors, especially including abstractly incised fragments of ocher and perforated shells interpreted as beads. These proposed art objects have convinced most specialists that MSA people were behaviorally (cognitively) modern, and many argue that population growth explains the appearance of art in the MSA and its post-MSA florescence. The average size of rocky intertidal gastropod species in MSA and later coastal middens allows a test of this idea, because smaller size implies more intense collection, and more intense collection is most readily attributed to growth in the number of human collectors. Here we demonstrate that economically important Cape turban shells and limpets from MSA layers along the south and west coasts of South Africa are consistently and significantly larger than turban shells and limpets in succeeding Later Stone Age (LSA) layers that formed under equivalent environmental conditions. We conclude that whatever cognitive capacity precocious MSA artifacts imply, it was not associated with human population growth. MSA populations remained consistently small by LSA standards, and a substantial increase in population size is obvious only near the MSA/LSA transition, when it is dramatically reflected in the Out-of-Africa expansion.
Journal Article
Identification of Degradation Products and Components in Shellfish Purple by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze a colorant and silk, which were prepared and dyed using shellfish (Hexaplex trunculus L.) purple. Solutions of colorant and silk extracts were analyzed immediately after preparation (fresh samples) and after storing them in the dark for thirty days (aged sample I). Moreover, a silk sample was subjected to artificially accelerated ageing under UV radiation (aged sample II). The application of the UHPLC-MS/MS method leads to the detection of (i) the major coloring components of shellfish purple, which are indigotin, indirubin, 6-bromoindigotin, 6′-bromoindirubin, 6-bromoindirubin, 6,6′-dibromoindigotin, 6,6′-dibromoindirubin; (ii) four minor indigoid components in shellfish purple (compounds A, B, C and D), which belong to the same structural class as indirubin, and whose identification has been reported only once in the past; and (iii) eight degradation products (isatin, degradation products DP3, DP4, DP5, DP6, DP7, DP9 and DP10). The latter were also detected in stored indigotin solution, except for DP 6, which was used as reference sample. The method development was assisted by a new solution preparation approach for investigating compound fragmentation, using a solvent system compatible with direct infusion ESI. This system replaceddimethyl sulfoxide, which inhibits detection through electrospray ionization.
Journal Article
Exploring the provenance of a Byzantine excavated assemblage of textile and leather finds by the application of instrumental analysis
Stereomicroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance probe (FTIR-ATR), High Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Photodiode Array system (HPLC–PDA), X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS), and 14C dating were applied to an assemblage of textile and leather fragments that belong to the collection of the Byzantine & Christian Museum of Athens in Greece and lacked inventory information.The analyses applied, along with bibliographical research, yielded information on the materials, techniques and provenance of the find. The assemblage of finds consists of a gold thread embroidered silk satin, dyed with shellfish-purple; a gold strip-drawn wire embroidered silk tabby; a gold strip-drawn wire and red silk thread tapestry; a gold-thread embroidery on a tabby background; fragments of braided cord; and leather fragments. The material components could have been produced locally, in the area of the Byzantine Empire, though some of them indicate connections with India and/or China. The assemblage, dated between the mid AD 10th and mid eleventh century, was probably found in 1924 by Andreas Xygopoulos during the excavation of a tomb inside the church of Agia Sophia in Thessaloniki, Greece.
Journal Article
Visualization Design and Implementation of Teaching Content in Dalian Shellfish Sculpture Art Colleges and Universities Based on Computer Vision Technology
As a traditional culture, Dalian shell carving art is facing a huge survival crisis. The problem of non-heritage culture and art protection can be effectively solved by teaching based on computer visualization technology in such a situation. This paper examines the characteristics of shell carving art as an entry point, determines the basic direction of teaching shell carving art, and develops a visualization scheme for teaching the content. Based on the WEB platform, an online teaching platform for shell carving art design based on computer vision technology has been built. Using the perspective method under computer vision technology to automate the imaging of shell carving art, complete the data visualization mapping of shell carving art, and evaluate the teaching results and feedback. The mean intervals of importance and satisfaction of the teaching effect of shellfish sculpture art are [2.2953, 4.2652] and [3.9485, 4.5636], respectively, and the satisfaction score is higher than the importance, and the students are more satisfied with the design of the course. The S-T curve of Teacher 1 demonstrates the teacher-student interaction. Teacher 1 has more interaction with students in 500s with good classroom scope, but after the 9th minute, the teacher’s lecture dominates it, and there is a lack of communication between teachers and students.
Journal Article
Climate, Environment and Early Human Innovation: Stable Isotope and Faunal Proxy Evidence from Archaeological Sites (98-59ka) in the Southern Cape, South Africa
The Middle Stone Age (MSA) of southern Africa, and in particular its Still Bay and Howiesons Poort lithic traditions, represents a period of dramatic subsistence, cultural, and technological innovation by our species, Homo sapiens. Climate change has frequently been postulated as a primary driver of the appearance of these innovative behaviours, with researchers invoking either climate instability as a reason for the development of buffering mechanisms, or environmentally stable refugia as providing a stable setting for experimentation. Testing these alternative models has proved intractable, however, as existing regional palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental records remain spatially, stratigraphically, and chronologically disconnected from the archaeological record. Here we report high-resolution records of environmental shifts based on stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in ostrich eggshell (OES) fragments, faunal remains, and shellfish assemblages excavated from two key MSA archaeological sequences, Blombos Cave and Klipdrift Shelter. We compare these records with archaeological material remains in the same strata. The results from both sites, spanning the periods 98-73 ka and 72-59 ka, respectively, show significant changes in vegetation, aridity, rainfall seasonality, and sea temperature in the vicinity of the sites during periods of human occupation. While these changes clearly influenced human subsistence strategies, we find that the remarkable cultural and technological innovations seen in the sites cannot be linked directly to climate shifts. Our results demonstrate the need for scale-appropriate, on-site testing of behavioural-environmental links, rather than broader, regional comparisons.
Journal Article
Shells
Echoing with the sounds of the sea, an exquisite survey of the science and customs of conchs, clams, coquinas, cowries, and much more. Shells have captivated humans from the dawn of time: the earliest known artwork was made on a shell. As well as containers for food, shells have been used as tools, jewelry, decorations for dwellings, and to bring good luck or to ward off spirits. Many Indigenous peoples have used shells as currency, and in a few places, they still do. This beautifully illustrated book investigates the fascinating scientific and cultural history of shells. It examines everything from pearls—the only gems of animal origin—to how shells' diverse colors and shapes are formed. And it reveals how shells have inspired artists throughout history, how shells have been used in architecture, and even how shells can be indicators of changing environmental conditions. Also including two essays by shell expert M. G. Harasewych, emeritus curator of gastropods in the Smithsonian's Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Shells is an authoritative exploration of the deep human connection to these molluscan exoskeletons of sea, lake, land, and stream.
eBook
Annelid Diversity: Historical Overview and Future Perspectives
Annelida is a ubiquitous, common and diverse group of organisms, found in terrestrial, fresh waters and marine environments. Despite the large efforts put into resolving the evolutionary relationships of these and other Lophotrochozoa, and the delineation of the basal nodes within the group, these are still unanswered. Annelida holds an enormous diversity of forms and biological strategies alongside a large number of species, following Arthropoda, Mollusca, Vertebrata and perhaps Platyhelminthes, among the species most rich in phyla within Metazoa. The number of currently accepted annelid species changes rapidly when taxonomic groups are revised due to synonymies and descriptions of a new species. The group is also experiencing a recent increase in species numbers as a consequence of the use of molecular taxonomy methods, which allows the delineation of the entities within species complexes. This review aims at succinctly reviewing the state-of-the-art of annelid diversity and summarizing the main systematic revisions carried out in the group. Moreover, it should be considered as the introduction to the papers that form this Special Issue on Systematics and Biodiversity of Annelids.
Journal Article
Prospective Analysis of the Key Actors and Supporting Institutions Role in the Crab Agro-Industry in Rembang District, Central Java
Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) contributes over 50% of Indonesia's exports. Since 2016, Indonesia has begun conducting studies to monitor, evaluate, and report on its commitment to using the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Government of Indonesia, through the Decree of KP RI No. 83/Kep Men-KP/ 2022, has established the Indonesian Fisheries Management Plan for Rajungan in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 712 (Java Sea), including Rembang Regency in Central Java. With the existing problems in sustainable crab management, research is needed to analyze the perspective of key actors and supporting institutions in the crab agro-industry in the Rembang Regency. The method of analysis was carried out by collecting structured data questionnaires submitted to key actors and supporting institutions involved in the crab agro-industry in Rembang District on objects that support sustainable crab management. An in-depth review of the questionnaire results was collected, then data processing was done using the MACTOR application. The results describe the goal object that activates many actors as SDGs 14: life below water, where actors give their entire opinion on the goal object. There is a strong connection between the four goals, namely SDGs 1: No poverty, SDGs 12: Responsible consumption and production, SDGs 14: Life below water, and SDGs 17: Partnership and goals in the crab agro-industry in Rembang Regency. The success of sustainable management of the crab agro-industry in Rembang Regency is determined by the cooperation between crab fishermen, collectors, Miniplants, Fish Processing Units (UPI) that export crab, the Central Java Provincial Marine and Fisheries Service and the Rembang Regency Marine and Fisheries Service.
Journal Article