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Toxic tau: structural origins of tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of the amyloid β in the form of amyloid plaques and the intracellular deposition of the microtubule-associated protein tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Most of the Alzheimer's drugs targeting amyloid β have been failed in clinical trials. Particularly, tau pathology connects greatly in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Tau protein enhances the stabilization of microtubules that leads to the appropriate function of the neuron. Changes in the quantity or the conformation of tau protein could affect its function as a microtubules stabilizer and some of the processes wherein it is involved. The molecular mechanisms leading to the accumulation of tau are principally signified by numerous posttranslational modifications that change its conformation and structural state. Therefore, aberrant phosphorylation, as well as truncation of tau protein, has come into focus as significant mechanisms that make tau protein in a pathological entity. Furthermore, the shape-shifting nature of tau advocates to comprehend the progression of Alzheimer's disease precisely. In this review, we emphasize the recent studies about the toxic and shape-shifting nature of tau in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Journal Article
Dragon pearl
Min, a thirteen-year-old girl with fox-magic, stows away on a battle cruiser and impersonates a cadet in order to solve the mystery of what happened to her older brother in the Thousand World Space Forces.
Book
The relationships between rumination and core executive functions: A meta‐analysis
Background Rumination has been thought to relate to deficits in core executive functions (EFs), but the empirical findings for this idea are mixed. The aim of the present study is to synthesize existing literature to clarify these relations. Methods A comprehensive literature search revealed 34 published as well as unpublished studies on the associations between rumination and core EF. These studies report on 3,066 participants. The effect size in the meta‐analyses was obtained by the z transformation of correlation coefficients. Results Analysis revealed significant negative associations between rumination and both inhibition (r = ‒.23) and set‐shifting (r = ‒.19). There was no significant association between rumination and working memory. These associations were not moderated by age, sex, type of sample (depressed or healthy), type of outcome measure (accuracy vs. reaction time), or affective content of the task, although statistical power for these tests was limited. Conclusions We found significant negative associations between rumination and inhibition or set‐shifting. There was no significant association between rumination and working memory. Future research should adopt multiple measures of EF to provide clear evidence on the associations between EF and rumination. A better understanding of this relationship may have important implications for intervention of rumination, such as training programs to improve EF or teach compensatory strategies to mitigate the effects of EF impairments.
Journal Article
Impact of Demand-Side Management on the Reliability of Generation Systems
The load shifting strategy is a form of demand side management program suitable for increasing the reliability of power supply in an electrical network. It functions by clipping the load demand that is above an operator-defined level, at which time is known as peak period, and replaces it at off-peak periods. The load shifting strategy is conventionally performed using the preventive load shifting (PLS) program. In this paper, the corrective load shifting (CLS) program is proven as the better alternative. PLS is implemented when power systems experience contingencies that jeopardise the reliability of the power supply, whereas CLS is implemented only when the inadequacy of the power supply is encountered. The disadvantages of the PLS approach are twofold. First, the clipped energy cannot be totally recovered when it is more than the unused capacity of the off-peak period. The unused capacity is the maximum amount of extra load that can be filled before exceeding the operator-defined level. Second, the PLS approach performs load curtailment without discrimination. This means that load clipping is performed as long as the load is above the operator-defined level even if the power supply is adequate. The CLS program has none of these disadvantages because it is implemented only when there is power supply inadequacy, during which the amount of load clipping is mostly much smaller than the unused capacity of the off-peak period. The performance of the CLS was compared with the PLS by considering chronological load model, duty cycle and the probability of start-up failure for peaking and cycling generators, planned maintenance of the generators and load forecast uncertainty. A newly proposed expected-energy-not-recovered (EENR) index and the well-known expected-energy-not-supplied (EENS) were used to evaluate the performance of proposed CLS. Due to the chronological factor and huge combinations of power system states, the sequential Monte Carlo was employed in this study. The results from this paper show that the proposed CLS yields lower EENS and EENR than PLS and is, therefore, a more robust strategy to be implemented.
Journal Article
Shape-shifting structured lattices via multimaterial 4D printing
Shape-morphing structured materials have the ability to transform a range of applications. However, their design and fabrication remain challenging due to the difficulty of controlling the underlying metric tensor in space and time. Here, we exploit a combination of multiple materials, geometry, and 4-dimensional (4D) printing to create structured heterogeneous lattices that overcome this problem. Our printable inks are composed of elastomeric matrices with tunable cross-link density and anisotropic filler that enable precise control of their elastic modulus (E) and coefficient of thermal expansion (α). The inks are printed in the form of lattices with curved bilayer ribs whose geometry is individually programmed to achieve local control over the metric tensor. For independent control of extrinsic curvature, we created multiplexed bilayer ribs composed of 4 materials, which enables us to encode a wide range of 3-dimensional (3D) shape changes in response to temperature. As exemplars, we designed and printed planar lattices that morph into frequency-shifting antennae and a human face, demonstrating functionality and geometric complexity, respectively. Our inverse geometric design and multimaterial 4D printing method can be readily extended to other stimuli-responsive materials and different 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell designs to create scalable, reversible, shape-shifting structures with unprecedented complexity.
Journal Article
Influence of phase-shifting error of phase-shifting interferometry on the phase accuracy recovery
To study the influence of phase-shifting error on phase accuracy recovery, we can reconstruct the wavefront by controlling the phase-shifting error of a certain step in the actual measurement, and the surface information obtained is closer to the surface information of the real object. In this simulation investigation, there are two main methods to study the influence of phase-shifting error on phase recovery accuracy. One method is to add the same error to each step of the four-step phase-shifting, compare and analyze the obtained surface information with the test results without error through multiple simulation experiments, and obtain the research rules that the phase-shifting error in the first step and the third step, the second step, and the fourth step has the same influence on the phase accuracy recovery. Another method is to fix the phase-shifting error of the first step and the third step, change the phase-shifting error of the second step and the fourth step and analyze the result compare with the result without error through multiple simulation experiments. When there is an error in one step of the four-step phase-shifting, any error is added in the other three steps to make the fitting result closer to the result of the standard four-step phase-shifting.
Journal Article
Winners and losers over 35 years of dragonfly and damselfly distributional change in Germany
Aim Recent studies suggest insect declines in parts of Europe; however, the generality of these trends across different taxa and regions remains unclear. Standardized data are not available to assess large‐scale, long‐term changes for most insect groups but opportunistic citizen science data are widespread for some. Here, we took advantage of citizen science data to investigate distributional changes of Odonata. Location Germany. Methods We compiled over 1 million occurrence records from different regional databases. We used occupancy‐detection models to account for imperfect detection and estimate annual distributions for each species during 1980–2016 within 5 × 5 km quadrants. We also compiled data on species attributes that were hypothesized to affect species’ sensitivity to different drivers and related them to the changes in species’ distributions. We further developed a novel approach to cluster groups of species with similar patterns of distributional change to represent multispecies indicators. Results More species increased (45%) than decreased (29%) or remained stable (26%) in their distribution (i.e. number of occupied quadrants). Species showing increases were generally warm‐adapted species and/or running water species, while species showing decreases were cold‐adapted species using standing water habitats such as bogs. Time series clustering defined five main patterns of change—each associated with a specific combination of species attributes, and confirming the key roles of species’ temperature and habitat preferences. Overall, our analysis predicted that mean quadrant‐level species richness has increased over most of the time period. Main conclusions Trends in Odonata provide mixed news—improved water quality, coupled with positive impacts of climate change, could explain the positive trends of many species. At the same time, declining species point to conservation challenges associated with habitat loss and degradation. Our study demonstrates the great value of citizen science and the work of natural history societies for assessing large‐scale distributional change.
Journal Article
A Review of Recent Improvements, Developments, and Effects of Using Phase-Change Materials in Buildings to Store Thermal Energy
When it comes to guaranteeing appropriate performance for buildings in terms of energy efficiency, the building envelope is a crucial component that must be presented. When a substance goes through a phase transition and either gives out or absorbs an amount of energy to provide useful heat or cooling, it is called a phase-change material, or PCM for short. Transitions often take place between the matter’s solid and liquid states. Buildings use PCMs for a variety of purposes, including thermal comfort, energy conservation, managing the temperature of building materials, reducing cooling/heating loads, efficiency, and thermal load shifting. Improved solutions are applied using new method and approach investigations. Undoubtedly, researching and applying PCM use in building applications can help create buildings that are more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, while also increasing thermal comfort and consuming less energy. It provides a possible answer to the problems posed by climate change, rising energy demand in the built environment, and energy use optimisation. However, it is true that no particular research has yet been conducted to thoroughly analyse the linked PCM applications in the building industry. Thus, the principal tactics are addressed in this paper to determine current and efficient methods for employing PCMs in buildings to store thermal energy. By gathering around 50 instances from the open literature, this study conducts a thorough assessment of the up-to-date studies between 2016 and 2023 that used PCMs as thermal energy storage in building applications. As a result, this review aims to critically evaluate the PCM integration in buildings for thermal energy storage, identify a number of issues that require more research, and draw some important conclusions from the body of literature. Specifically, the building envelope roof and external wall uses of PCMs are highlighted in this research. Applications, general and desired characteristics, and PCM types and their thermal behaviour are described. In comparison to a traditional heat storage tank that simply contains water, this review indicates that a water storage tank containing 15% PCM improves heat storage by 70%. Also, less than 7 °C of internal air temperature was reduced by the PCMs in the walls, which avoided summer warming. Finally, using PCM for space cooling resulted in substantial energy savings across the various seasons.
Journal Article
The order in a series of continuous special items and the likelihood of income classification shifting
In income classification shifting, firms shift recurring income components (in core earnings) that are income reducing to items commonly assumed to be nonrecurring (special items) to increase core earnings, which are used by analysts and investors to forecast future earnings and value a firm. Some special items tend to extend over multiple quarters and are more amenable to classification shifting because it is easier to shift core expenses into those items (continuous special items). Nevertheless, as the recurrence of special items increases, the market perceives them more like recurring earnings components (Cready et al. in Account Rev 85(5):1577–1615, 2010), which reduces the benefits of classification shifting. Therefore, we hypothesize that when special items are continuous and first in a sequence of quarterly continuous special items, firms are more likely to use them to shift income than when continuous special items are last in the series. Our results confirm our expectations. The findings highlight that the location of a continuous special item in a sequence of continuous special items affects the likelihood of income classification shifting.
Journal Article