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Spell across America
\"This second book developed in partnership with the Scripps National Spelling Bee is bursting with vibrant content themed around major US. regions and landmarks to provide a fun backdrop for stories and lessons designed to help prepare young spellers for success both on stage and off.\"--Amazon.com.
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Teachers' perspectives on pedagogy in short‐term language study abroad
Study abroad (SA) in North America is changing in two ways: short‐term trips are becoming more popular, and more students are traveling in teacher‐facilitated groups. These changes raise questions about how teaching methods can help to improve outcomes in short stays abroad, particularly in the case of language learners. To better understand teachers' perspectives on pedagogy, we conducted a series of group and individual interviews with 18 college teachers who facilitate short‐term language SA. The results of a constructivist grounded theory analysis showed that teachers believed pedagogy in short‐term SA could be improved by integrating the SA program into the at‐home curriculum, by targeting both measurable and process‐based objectives, by adopting a variety of teaching strategies including experiential teaching, and by integrating interactions between students and locals in different ways. The Challenge Is short‐term SA truly less effective at developing students' language proficiency than stays of longer duration? What if context‐specific teaching practices could be developed to help facilitators maximize the benefit of shorter stays? This study examines teachers' beliefs about how pedagogy in short‐term SA can be improved.
Journal Article
Altered amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations and regional homogeneity in drug‐resistant epilepsy patients with vagal nerve stimulators under different current intensity
Background The mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) for the treatment of drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) remain unclear. This study aimed to measure spontaneous brain activity changes caused by VNS in DRE patients using resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI). Methods The rs‐fMRI scans were performed in 16 DRE patients who underwent VNS surgery. Amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) was generated and examined using paired sample t‐test to compare activity changes at different current intensity stage. The preoperative and postoperative ALFF/ReHo were also compared in eight responders (≥50% reduction of seizure frequency three months after surgery) and eight nonresponders using paired sample t‐test. Results The significant ALFF and ReHo changes were shown in various cortical/subcortical structures in patients under different current intensity. After three months of stimulation, responders exhibited increased ALFF in the right middle cingulate gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, and left cerebellum, and increased ReHo in the right postcentral gyrus, left precuneus, left postcentral gyrus, right superior parietal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, and right superior frontal gyrus. Nonresponders exhibited decreased ALFF in the left temporal lobe and right cerebellum, increased ALFF in bilateral brainstem, decreased ReHo in bilateral lingual gyri, and increased ReHo in the right middle frontal gyrus and right anterior cingulate gyrus. Conclusions The spontaneous neural activity changes in DRE patients caused by VNS were in an ongoing process. Increased ALFF/ReHo in frontal cortex, cingulate gyri, precentral/postcentral gyri, parahippocampal gyri, precuneus, parietal cortex, and cerebellum may implicate in VNS‐induced improvement in seizure frequency. Dynamic amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations and regional homogeneity changes existed in drug‐resistant epilepsy patients with vagal nerve stimulators (VNS) under different current intensity and may provide possible therapeutic mechanisms of VNS.
Journal Article
Πίστις in Galatians 5.5–6: Neglected Evidence for ‘Faith in Christ’
Scholars rarely appeal to Gal 5.5–6 in the πίστις Χριστοῦ debate. However, two points show the relevance of these verses to the discussion: (1) in 5.1–6 Paul picks up the contrast between πίστις and νόμος he developed in chs. 2–3 so that πίστις in 5.5–6 is equivalent to πίστις Χριστοῦ in the earlier chapters, and (2) πίστις in vv. 5–6 is human faith because it works through human love. Gal 5.5–6 therefore supports the position that πίστις Χριστοῦ is an objective genitive meaning faith in Christ.
Journal Article
Summer study abroad in Japan: Maximizing intercultural competency development through self‐guided cultural exploration and reflection tasks
This study analyzes how self‐guided cultural exploration and reflection (SCER) tasks affect the development of intercultural competency (ICC) of students participating in a study abroad program. The Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) was used to measure students' ICC development before and after a 6‐week faculty‐led study abroad program in Japan. The SCER tasks encouraged students to examine Japanese history, cuisine, politics, architecture, economy, communication style, and behaviors, and gain a sophisticated understanding of the Japanese culture through the lens of unique Japanese perspectives. The results reveal significant gains in overall IES scales, in particular, student's continuous learning and interpersonal engagement saw the most change. Analysis of student reflections further demonstrates the positive impact of culturally bridging experiences on self‐awareness and cultural exploration. We argue that the impact of perspective‐shifting practices, combined with students' first‐hand intercultural experience improves student's level of hardiness. Finally, student reflections reveal the important role that the SCER tasks have on initiating a meaningful dialogue with their host families. The Challenge Due to globalization, students today need to develop intercultural skills, and study abroad is widely held as one of the most effective ways of developing competence, and more university students are attending short summer‐long programs. In this context, we ask, how can teachers design a program that maximizes student's intercultural learning in a short‐term study abroad program? Can students develop a rich and deep understanding of the culture in short‐term study abroad? This article presents unique cultural bridging experiences, self‐exploration tasks, and teacher guidance that impacted the development of student's intercultural competency.
Journal Article
Die syntaktische Funktion von ὅτι in Joh 8.47
A causal clause is often used to translate ὅτι in John 8.47. This, in combination with a problematic translation of the prepositional phrase διὰ τοῦτο, creates (in the translations) a logical argument that is contrary to the argument in Greek. The NRSV translates: ‘Whoever is from God hears the words of God. The reason you do not hear them is that you are not from God.’ The translation is somewhat different from the King James Version, which interprets the ὅτι-clause as causal: ‘He that is of God heareth God's words: ye therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God.’ Both translations and the implied logic must be rejected for philological reasons. The correct translation is: ‘He that is of God hears God's words. From this follows: you do not hear. Thus, you are not of God.’ The difference is obvious: the logical argument is turned on its head. The usual way to translate this argument implies a predestination: the Jews are simply ‘not of God’. The semantically correct translation makes obvious the connection between their decision (i.e. not to listen to Jesus) and the judgement spoken by Jesus. German abstract: In Joh 8.47 wird die Partikel ὅτι kausal übersetzt; dies bildet zusammen mit der Übersetzung der präpositionalen Wendung διὰ τοῦτο eine Argumentationskette, die nicht den Bezügen im Griechischen entspricht. Die zu beanstandende Übersetzung lautet (Lutherübersetzung 1984; ähnlich auch die Einheitsübersetzung): „Wer von Gott ist, der hört Gottes Worte; ihr hört darum nicht, weil ihr nicht von Gott seid.“ Diese Übersetzung ist aus philologischen Gründen abzulehnen. Semantisch und syntaktisch korrekt ist vielmehr: „Wer von Gott ist, der hört Gottes Worte: Daraus folgt: Ihr hört nicht, deswegen seid ihr nicht von Gott.“ Die Differenz der Übersetzungen ist offensichtlich. Im Rahmen der üblicherweise verwendeten Übersetzung wird aus dem Untersatz eines logischen Arguments ein Obersatz. Dies bildet dann die Grundlage für eine Verurteilung. Während damit die herkömmliche Übersetzung eine pauschale Verurteilung und Prädestination der Juden impliziert, besteht nach der philologisch korrekten Übersetzung ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verhalten der Hörer Jesu und ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu Gott.
Journal Article
Quality of life of patients with ulcerative colitis: Past, present, and future
Quality of life (QoL) is vitally important to patients with chronic illnesses such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and has been assessed in observational, cross-sectional, and cohort studies. However, relatively few clinical trials have evaluated the QoL of patients with UC. Recently, greater availability of the necessary tools has facilitated the undertaking of studies showing that QoL of patients with UC is reduced significantly compared with that of the general population. Studies using disease-specific instruments have identified disease severity as the strongest predictor of QoL, with other disease-related predictors including type of medical or surgical treatment and the efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability to patients of particular types of medical or surgical treatments. Other factors, such as comorbid medical or psychosocial problems and adherence to treatment, also affect QoL. Combined use of generic and disease-specific instruments in clinical trials can ensure that all clinically relevant unexpected events (generic instrument) and important improvement or deterioration (disease-specific instrument) are captured. For accurate outcomes assessment, the use of comprehensively validated instruments is critical. The need for the development and evaluation of new instruments will be determined by the mechanisms and targets of novel therapies. Ultimately, QoL assessment of effective therapies will play a strong role in pharmacoeconomic evaluations, providing health policy makers with the evidence to support the treatments that can most effectively normalize QoL through complete symptom resolution, minimal side effects, and convenient administration.
Journal Article
Spermatic and Uterine Dimensions in Mark and Luke's Parable of the Sower
This article examines the language of seed reception within the Parable of the Sower in Mark and Luke. The paper argues that Mark's diction introduces reproductive terms into the seed figure and that Luke edits Mark to include even more distinctively gynaecological and reproductive terminology. The result is a parable in Luke that turns the audience into uterine receptacles of the seed/logos.
Journal Article
The Greetings of Romans 16 and the Audience of Romans
This short paper considers and critiques the view that the named people greeted in Romans 16.3–16 are not also among the recipients of the letter to ‘all God's beloved in Rome’ (Rom 1.7). Variants of this view spring from the work of Mullins (1968): that the second-person greeting involves the greeting of ‘a third party who is not intended to be among the immediate readership of the letter’ (Mullins, 1968: 420) and are found in Thorsteinsson (2003), Stowers (2015) and Campbell (2023). A series of arguments are made against this view. In particular, the plural form of the imperative (ἀσπάσασθɛ) and the open nature of the addressees mean that Mullins' simple principle does not apply. In addition, Paul's usage elsewhere (including in Romans 16.16) contradicts Mullins' principle.
Journal Article
A Non-Manuscript of Papias of Hierapolis
Uncertainty has attached to a medieval library catalogue entry mentioning Papias cum sermonibus diversis at Stams Abbey. Most recent editors of Papias have suspected that it refers to the medieval lexicographer rather than the second-century Christian author of the same name. This note calls attention to a marginal citation in a Stams manuscript from the lexicographer that helps put to rest the hypothesis of a full Latin manuscript of Papias of Hierapolis.
Journal Article