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At present, food security is a matter of debate of global magnitude and fulfilling the feeding requirement of > 8 billion human populations by 2030 is one of the major concerns of the globe. Aquaculture plays a significant role to meet the global food requirement. Shrimp species such as Litopenaeus vannamei , Penaeus monodon , and Macrobrachium rosenbergii are among the most popular food commodities worldwide. As per Global Outlook for Aquaculture Leadership survey, disease outbreaks have been a matter of concern from the past many decades regarding the shrimp aquaculture production. Among the past disease outbreaks, white spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus is considered to be one of the most devastating ones that caused colossal losses to the shrimp industry. Since the virus is highly contagious, it spreads gregariously among the shrimp population; hence, practicing proper sanitization practices is crucial in order to have disease-free shrimps. Additionally, in order to control the disease, antibiotics were used that further leads to bioaccumulation and biomagnification of antibiotics in several food webs. The bioaccumulation of the toxic residues in the food webs further adversely affected human too. Recently, immunostimulants/antivirals were used as an alternative to antibiotics. They were found to enhance the immune system of shrimps in eco-friendly manner. In context to this, the present paper presents a critical review on the immunostimulants available from plants, animals, and chemicals against WSSV in shrimps. Looking into this scenario, maintaining proper sanitation procedures in conjunction with the employment of immunostimulants may be a viable approach for preserving shrimp aquaculture across the globe.

Globally, shrimp farms occupied an estimated 3.490 million hectares (Mha) of land and operated 2.426 Mha of production ponds in 2018. Extensive shrimp farms used 1.804 Mha of farm area (1.377 Mha of production ponds), but produced 11.4% of global shrimp production. An estimated 1.718 Mha of land was required to produce ingredients for feeds used in semi‐intensive and intensive shrimp farming, bringing total land use to 5.160 Mha. Extensive production is located in the intertidal zone and much of this land formerly was or still is in mangrove areas. Expansion of shrimp farms into mangrove areas has slowed. Mangrove areas are inferior sites for shrimp farms, and governments have imposed stricter regulations to protect mangroves. Shrimp farming in mangrove areas is unnecessary to supply the global shrimp demand. Scenarios for increasing global shrimp production without further increase in shrimp farm area are presented. But, if the demand for shrimp continues to increase, it will be impossible to freeze the total land footprint for farmed shrimp, because the land needed for feed presently is roughly equal to the direct land use for shrimp farms. Direct land use for farms can be frozen through greater production pond yields.

The emergence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), also known as Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), severely constrained the sustainability and economic growth of shrimp aquaculture worldwide. The objective of this comprehensive review was to analyze the effectiveness of vaccination as a strategic approach to combat V. parahaemolyticus and control AHPND, focusing on practical alternatives and integrated management methods. The study synthesized global reports from 2009 to 2025, during which AHPND outbreaks led to up to 100 % shrimp mortality within 10–35 days post-stocking, with production decreases of 60 % in some regions and global economic losses estimated at $43 billion from 2010 to 2016. The review examined experimental evidence from laboratory and field trials regarding live attenuated, inactivated, recombinant subunit, and DNA vaccines, as well as complementary approaches including probiotics, phage therapy, plant-based compounds, and metallic nanoparticles. The analysis revealed that inactivated vaccines achieved 41.1–100 % relative percent survival (RPS) and were safe but short-lived, while live attenuated vaccines demonstrated the highest efficacy (96.9–100 % RPS) with prolonged protection, yet posed biosafety challenges. DNA vaccines showed promising results with up to 96.11 % RPS, and protein subunit vaccines achieved 66.7–82.4 % RPS. Certain probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum SGLAB01 and bacteriophage pVp-1 significantly improved shrimp survival and immune responses, with pVp-1 showing 90.9 % infectivity against AHPND strains. The study concluded that integrated strategies combining vaccination with biological and natural agents were more effective in mitigating AHPND and reducing antibiotic dependence. However, regulatory hurdles, variable field conditions, delivery challenges, and pathogen diversity limited widespread vaccine adoption. Vaccination shows promise as a sustainable approach to improve shrimp health and economic resilience, but current limitations in efficacy and delivery highlight the need for further research. Vaccine optimization and its integration with management strategies are key to controlling V. parahaemolyticus and Early Mortality Syndrome globally.

In recent years, shrimp aquaculture has become one of the most promising and fastest-growing aquaculture industries in providing aquatic food globally. In comparison with other aquatic products, shrimp plays an important role because of its high export value and self-employment opportunities provided for farmers and stakeholders along its value chain in developing countries. This study attempts to provide some insights into the export-agricultural growth nexus by considering the aquaculture shrimp industry. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of shrimp exports on aquaculture shrimp production over the period 1998–2022 for the major South Asia and Southeast Asian shrimp-producing countries. By using the cointegration approach and panel autoregressive ( PVAR ) model, empirical findings indicated that there is no causal relationship between the volume of shrimp aquaculture production, its exports, imports, and the domestic prices in the long run and the short run. In addition, the results of the PVAR approach did not show enough evidence to support the assumption that growth in shrimp exports can enhance growth in the production of aquaculture shrimp perhaps because of the small sample size or other plausible reasons. However, our findings evidence that exports rather than imports explain much of the variation in aquaculture shrimp production across time. Despite the limitations of evidence, hence suggesting the need of more data, these findings have some policy implications in providing insights to the governments in countries where aquaculture (shrimp industry) have considerable importance. Exploring all possible ways to increase or promote aquaculture shrimp production can help shrimp producers in South Asia and Southeast Asia countries and, by extension, all shrimp production countries globally. Evaluating the shrimp exports-production growth nexus or similar work to this current study could be carried out by incorporating more countries and variables over a much longer period.

The frozen food export sector, next to readymade garments sector, is the second largest export earner of Bangladesh. Shrimp, main item of frozen food, is a major contributor in the national economy of Bangladesh since mid 1980s. Although it provides millions of employment and earns more than US$ 445 million annually, it has been facing a host of challenges. Shrimp farming has been associated with a number of negative environmental and social impacts which hinder the sustainable development of this blooming sector. This paper aim to focus on how the shrimp culture in Bangladesh is affecting the adjacent environment as well as society and management approach for it’s sustain ability by means of reviewing the available scientific literatures. It finds the grave socioeconomic impacts including traditional livelihood displacement, loss of land security, food insecurity, marginalization, rural unemployment, social unrest and conflicts in the wake of shrimp culture development in Bangladesh. Similarly, environmental impacts such as mangrove degradation, loss of biodiversity, sedimentation, saltwater intrusion, and pollution and disease outbreaks are found to be the main obstacles for the development of sustainable shrimp farming. Inappropriate management practices and inadequate plans regarding water quality, seed supply, irrigation facilities and fishery resources are the main reasons for these impacts of shrimp farming. The effective management measures to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of shrimp farming development have now become urgent requirement.

Fish oil (FO) is widely used in aquaculture feed due to its high levels of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids. But increasing cost, limited supply, and sustainability concerns have led to the search for alternative omega‐3 sources. Bioengineered (BE) oilseeds, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) canola (Brassica napus, OECD Unique Identifier: NS‐B5ØØ27‐4, branded Aquaterra), offer a scalable, land‐based source of DHA and other long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids. This study evaluated the efficacy of DHA canola oil (DCO, Aquaterra), as a replacement for FO in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Five isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isocaloric diets were formulated by replacing FO with graded levels of DCO (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Postlarval shrimp (initial weight 0.7–0.8 g) were stocked in a recirculating saltwater system (30 ppt) comprised of 40 aquaria (eight tanks for each diet), and shrimp were fed four times daily for 11 weeks. Results showed no significant differences in growth performance or survival across different dietary groups. Feed intake was reduced at 100% FO replacement, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) and energy retention improved. Whole‐body protein and energy remained stable across all dietary groups, while lipid retention increased with DCO‐fed groups. Whole‐body amino acid and fatty acid compositions were influenced by DCO inclusion, with the 50% replacement group exhibiting comparable composition to that of the 100% FO group, especially in terms of the high content of total omega‐3 fatty acids. For growth, DCO can replace up to 100% FO in shrimp diets; however, 75% DCO replacement is recommended when considering the whole‐body fatty acid profile and n−3/n−6 ratio. Based on the present findings, 50%–75% FO replacement with DCO in shrimp diets can be considered optimal, supporting its use as a robust and viable lipid source for commercial shrimp aquaculture.

Biofilm-based systems for shrimp aquaculture have emerged as a novel alternative to improve the water quality and obtain a better performance into ponds using zero or limited water exchange. The aims of this work were (1) to evaluate the production response and water quality of a super-intensive shrimp culture using a phototrophic biofilm as complementary food and (2) to study the bacterial diversity of these biofilms. A trial was performed, consisting of a shrimp culture system using biofilms as food source and a control without biofilms. Results showed that the biofilm-based system had better water quality and shrimp registered a higher growth performance compared to the control. Regarding the taxonomic profile of bacterial populations detected in the biofilm, results revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes were the three most abundant phyla; of these, eight bacterial orders belonging Rhizobiales, Clostridiales, Cytophagales, Actinomycetales, Vibrionales, Flavobacterales, Planctomycetales, Chlamydiales, and Rhodobacterales constituted a microbial core maintained over time. Some of these are related to anaerobic and aerobic removal processes of nitrogen. The results of this study are a first approach to understand how the bacterial communities forming biofilms are related to water quality of ponds and production performance of aquaculture farms, and how the microbial succession may cause changes on the taxonomic profile biofilms.

The gut microbiota of aquaculture species contributes to their food metabolism and regulates their health, which has been shown to vary during aquaculture progression of their hosts. However, limited research has examined the outcomes and mechanisms of these changes in the gut microbiota of hosts. Here, Kuruma shrimps from the beginning, middle, and late stages of aquaculture progression (about a time duration of 2 months between each stage) were collected and variations in the gut microbiota of Kuruma shrimp during the whole aquaculture process were examined. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated increases in the diversity and richness of the shrimp gut microbiota with aquaculture progression. In addition, the gut microbiota composition differed among cultural stages, with enrichment of Firmicutes, RF39, and Megamonas and a reduction in Proteobacteria in the mid-stage. Notably, only very few taxa were persistent in the shrimp gut microbiota during the whole aquaculture progression, while the number of taxa that specific to the end of aquaculture was high. Network analysis revealed increasing complexity of the shrimp gut microbiota during aquaculture progression. Moreover, the shrimp gut microbiota became significantly more stable towards the end of aquaculture. According to the results of neutral community model, contribution of stochastic processes for shaping the shrimp gut microbiota was elevated along the aquaculture progression. This study showed substantial variations in shrimp gut microbiota during aquaculture progression and explored the underlying mechanisms regulating these changes.

The present study reports metagenomic sequencing and microbial diversity analysis of the sediment samples of a semi-intensive penaeid shrimp culture system. 16S rRNA gene-based high-throughput sequencing revealed distinct and diverse microbial communities in the analyzed sample. Analysis of the results showed a high abundance of Proteobacteria followed by Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria in the metagenome retrieved from the sediment sample. Unclassified bacteria also contributed a significant portion of the metagenome. Two potential shrimp pathogens viz Vibrio harveyi and Acinetobacter lwoffii detected in the sediment sample show the risk associated with the pond. Microbes that play essential roles in nutrient cycling and mineralization of organic compounds such as Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria could also be identified. The present study provides preliminary data with respect to the microbial community present in the sediments of a shrimp culture system and emphasizes the application of metagenomics in exploring the microbial diversity of aquaculture systems, which might help in the early detection of pathogens within the system and helps to develop pathogen control strategies in semi-intensive aquaculture systems.

Areas dedicated to shrimp aquaculture have increased dramatically over the last 50 years. Resultant land‐use changes directly threaten the extent of mangroves and yield conflicts on the discharge location of aquaculture effluent. Khung Krabaen Bay (KBB), Thailand, is reforesting mangroves while increasing the efficiency of shrimp aquaculture for local farmers. In this coupled shrimp farm–mangrove system, effective management requires understanding the fate of aquaculture organic matter (OM) in the coastal environment. We examined carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) in primary producers and pools of particulate and sediment OM (POM, SOM) from the KKB mangrove and marine ecosystem to determine how shrimp aquaculture OM contributes to the coastal environment. Here, soy‐based shrimp feed resulted in low shrimp δ15N, similar to marine POM, and thus we focus on the use of δ13C in tracking shrimp pond effluent in the environment. δ13C signatures of SOM varied significantly along a land‐to‐ocean gradient (–29.1‰ to –23.9‰). We found consistently depleted mangrove SOM δ13C signatures (–29.4‰ to –28.2‰) indicating that mangrove leaf litter is the primary source of OM to mangrove sediments, and there is little evidence that marine and shrimp pond OM contributes to the mangrove habitat. In contrast, relatively low δ13C values for marine SOM (–25.7‰ to –23.9‰) overlap with the δ13C of shrimp feed (–25.3‰) and Bayesian mixing models indicate that shrimp aquaculture feed and mangrove vegetation contribute the greatest OM to the marine ecosystem. Compared to 20 years ago, marine SOM δ13C signatures are depleted by ~10‰ and similar throughout KKB, indicating a homogenization of marine SOM carbon sources from 1998 to 2018. Synthesis and applications. The doubling of shrimp aquaculture in Khung Krabaen Bay (KKB) since 1998 led to increased discharge to the bay, swamping organic matter (OM) contributions from 13C‐enriched seagrasses and marine plankton. Because of this increase in effluent release to KKB, the chemical impact is likely to be greater for the marine ecosystem than the mangrove and should also be a focus of conservation efforts. Continued technological improvements (e.g. closed systems, better feed efficiency) and support to local aquaculture farmers will help reduce OM discharge to coastal ecosystems and promote sustainable farming practices. บทคัดย่อ การเพาะเลี้ยงกุ้งที่เพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมากในช่วง 50 ปีที่ผ่านมาทำให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงการใช้ที่ดินในป่าชายเลน ทำให้พื้นที่ป่าชายเลนลดลงและได้รับผลกระทบจากการปล่อยน้ำทิ้งจากการเพาะเลี้ยงลงสู่ระบบนิเวศ โครงการศูนย์ศึกษาการพัฒนาอ่าวคุ้งกระเบน อันเนื่องมาจากพระราชดำริ (KBB) ประเทศไทย ได้มีการปลูกป่าชายเลนทดแทนและเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการเพาะเลี้ยงกุ้งให้แก่เกษตรกรในพื้นที่โดยรอบ การจัดการการเพาะเลี้ยงควบคู่กับการรักษาระบบนิเวศที่มีประสิทธิภาพจะต้องเข้าใจถึงกระบวนการเปลี่ยนแปลงของสารอินทรีย์ที่เกิดจากการเพาะเลี้ยงในพื้นที่ชายฝั่ง การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาว่าสารอินทรีย์จากการเพาะเลี้ยงกุ้งมีผลต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมอย่างไร โดยการวิเคราะห์หาสัดส่วนคาร์บอนและไนโตรเจนไอโซโทป (δ13C, δ15N) ในพืชป่าชายเลน สารอินทรีย์ในตะกอนดินและตะกอนแขวนลอย (POM, SOM) เก็บตัวอย่างพื้นที่ป่าชายเลนรอบอ่าวคุ้งกระเบนและพื้นที่ในอ่าวคุ้งกระเบน อย่างไรก็ตามพบว่าอาหารกุ้งที่ทำจากถั่วเหลืองทำให้ไนโตรเจนไอโซโทป (δ15N) ในกุ้งมีค่าใกล้เคียงกับไนโตรเจนไอโซโทป (δ15N) ของตะกอนดิน ดังนั้นการศึกษานี้จึงใช้เฉพาะคาร์บอนไอโซโทป (δ13C) ในการติดตามสารอินทรีย์จากน้ำทิ้งจากบ่อเลี้ยงกุ้งลงสู่สิ่งแวดล้อม ผลการศึกษาพบว่าค่าคาร์บอนไอโซโทป (δ13C) ในตะกอนดินมีค่าแตกต่างกันอย่างมีนัยสำคัญตามระยะทางจากชายฝั่งสู่พื้นอ่าว (–29.1 ถึง 23.9‰) การลดลงอย่างต่อเนื่องของค่า δ13C ในตะกอนดินป่าชายเลน (–29.4 ถึง 28.2‰) แสดงให้เห็นว่าเศษซากของใบไม้ในป่าชายเลนเป็นแหล่งสารอินทรีย์หลักของตะกอนดินในป่าชายเลน ขณะที่สารอินทรีย์จากการเพาะเลี้ยงกุ้งและสารอินทรีย์จากพื้นที่อ่าวมีส่วนเพียงเล็กน้อยในการเป็นแหล่งคาร์บอนให้แก่ป่าชายเลน ในทางตรงกันข้ามค่า δ13C ของตะกอนดินในอ่าวมีค่าค่อนข้างต่ำ (–25.7 ถึง –23.9 ‰) ซึ่งใกล้เคียงกับค่า δ13C ของอาหารกุ้ง (–25.3 ‰) ผลการวิเคราะห์จากแบบจำลอง Bayesian mixing models แสดงให้เห็นว่าอาหารกุ้งและพืชป่าชายเลนเป็นแหล่งสารอินทรีย์ที่สำคัญต่อระบบนิเวศในอ่าว เมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับ 20 ปีที่ผ่านมา (2,541 ถึง 2,561) พบว่าค่า δ13C ในอ่าวคุ้งประเบนลดลงประมาณ 10‰ และพบว่ามีค่าใกล้เคียงกันทั่วทั้งอ่าว แสดงให้เห็นว่าแหล่งคาร์บอนสำหรับตะกอนดิน (SOM) ในพื้นที่อ่าวคุ้งกระเบนมีความสม่ำเสมอและเป็นเนื้อเดียวกันทั่วทั้งอ่าว การสังเคราะห์ผลและการใช้ประโยชน์จากงานวิจัย การเพาะเลี้ยงกุ้งในอ่าวคุ้งกระเบนเพิ่มขึ้นเป็นสองเท่านับตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2,541 ซึ่งมีการปล่อยสารอินทรีย์จากการเพาะเลี้ยงลงในพื้นที่อ่าวสูงกว่าสารอินทรีย์จากธรรมชาติที่ได้จากหญ้าทะเลและแพลงก์ตอนในอ่าว การปล่อยน้ำทิ้งที่เพิ่มขึ้นนี้อาจจะส่งผลกระทบทางเคมีต่อพื้นที่อ่าวคุ้งกระเบน ดังนั้นจึงควรให้ความสำคัญกับการจัดการน้ำทิ้งจากการเพาะเลี้ยงที่ลงสู่พื้นที่อ่าวคุ้งกระเบน การปรับปรุงระบบการเพาะเลี้ยงโดยใช้เทคโนโลยีใหม่ๆ (เช่น การใช้การเพาะเลี้ยงระบบปิด การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของอาหาร) และการให้ความรู้เกษตรกรเพาะเลี้ยงสัตว์น้ำในท้องถิ่นจะช่วยลดการปล่อยสารอินทรีย์ลงสู่ระบบนิเวศอ่าวคุ้งกระเบนและยังส่งเสริมการเพาะเลี้ยงแบบยั่งยืนอีกด้วย The doubling of shrimp aquaculture in Khung Krabaen Bay (KKB) since 1998 led to increased discharge to the bay, swamping organic matter (OM) contributions from 13C‐enriched seagrasses and marine plankton. Because of this increase in effluent release to KKB, the chemical impact is likely to be greater for the marine ecosystem than the mangrove and should also be a focus of conservation efforts. Continued technological improvements (e.g. closed systems, better feed efficiency) and support to local aquaculture farmers will help reduce OM discharge to coastal ecosystems and promote sustainable farming practices.