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"Silversmiths."
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The Colonial Andean Silver Working through the History of the Sacayco Family
Colonial Indian silversmiths have been barely studied by researchers. Not only from the social point of view, but also from the economic and technological ones. Perhaps the lack of interest lies in the scarce information about these artisans in the Colonial documents found so far, besides that it is almost impossible to identify the objects manufactured by these specialists due to the lack of signature on the objects. In this paper, we intend to show through the use of historical documents and archaeological studies, how these Indian silversmiths look for a place in the new society after the European Conquest, and how they were incorporated due to their skills and ability as silverware artisans.
Journal Article
Miller's encyclopedia of world silver marks
Designed as the essential reference tool for appraisers, collectors and dealers of silverware, the Encyclopedia is an indispensable guide for anyone researching silver hallmarks, offering clear and wide-ranging reproductions of thousands of hallmarks from more than 60 countries and regions, past and present, on every continent. It is also clearly and logically organized into two volumes for ease of reference: in the first volume are hallmarks listed by visual type and category, fully cross-referenced to information in the second volume on country of origin (in order of importance), centre of assaying or making, date and silver standard marks, special marks such as import/export marks, and selected maker's marks. Vetted by an international team of experts, the Encyclopedia thus helps you to identify silver hallmarks quickly, easily and reliably. It also includes brief historical overviews of hallmarking in each country, a description of the hallmarking process, and a guide to identifying fake and forged marks. Practical, comprehensive and up to date, 'Miller's Encyclopedia of World Silver Marks' is an invaluable aid to identifying silverware from around the world.-- Provided by publisher.
ENCYL
Refining silver at the castle: the rare case of a large early modern cupel from Middelburg-in-Flanders, Belgium
Ash cupels were widely used in early modern Europe for small-scale refining of noble metals in artisanal workshops, mints and assay offices. The manufacture and use of cupels display considerable variability from context to context, which poses both challenges and opportunities for modern investigation. Here, we present the analytical study of an unusually large cupel recovered from castle of Middleburg-in-Flanders (Belgium), probably dated to the sixteenth or early seventeenth century, which we discuss in connection to historical sources and other archaeological finds. We demonstrate that the cupel was made of bone ash mixed with a small fraction of another calcareous material, and most likely used for the refining of silver heavily debased with copper. We illustrate simple methods to investigate the manufacture of cupels and the nature and amount of metals being refined, as well as approaches to assess and discuss cupellation performance in archaeological contexts.
Journal Article
And then what happened, Paul Revere?
Describes some of the well-known as well as the lesser-known details of Paul Revere's life and exciting ride.
Book
Migración urbana, inserción artesano laboral y prestigio social en Chile colonial: el conflicto entre el maestro Toribio Zamudio y el gremio de plateros de Santiago de Chile, 1760-1769
On February 25th of 1769 silversmith Toribio Zamudio started a legal action before the local authorities against the silversmiths’ guild of Santiago, to be able to open a public store and exercise his job as a master. The higher artisans of the guild hierarchy were reluctant to accept this new member and held a series of obstacles to the intentions of the master from Lima, based on the ordinances from 1760. These ordinances sought to stop the disturbances, scams, thefts and bad works from silver artisans. For these purposes, rules to enter the guild were established, which went from the approval of technical exams before evaluation commissions, the presentation of background of good behaviour and the contribution of bondsmen that afforded, serving as guarantors, the works. Therefore, this paper intends to analyse the legal contest between the craftsman from Lima Toribio Zamudio and the guild of silversmiths of Santiago de Chile. This case study will allow us to appreciate the complex socio-labour relations of the silver craftsmen in the second half of the 18th century, which will be marked by logics of internal conflicts surrounding the artisan labour insertion, urban migration and social prestige.
El 25 de febrero de 1769 el platero Toribio Zamudio comenzó un pleito judicial ante las autoridades locales contra el gremio de plateros de Santiago, para poder abrir tienda pública y así ejercer su oficio como maestro. Los menestrales mayores de la jerarquía gremial se mostraron renuentes a la aceptación de este nuevo miembro y levantaron una serie de trabas a las intenciones del maestro limeño basadas en las ordenanzas de 1760. Estas ordenanzas buscaban frenar los desórdenes, engaños, robos y malos trabajos de los artesanos plateros. Para estos fines se establecieron normas de entrada al gremio, que fueron desde la aprobación de exámenes técnicos ante comisiones evaluadoras, la presentación de antecedentes de buenas costumbres y el aporte de fiadores que solventaran a modo de avales los trabajos. Por tanto, este artículo busca analizar la contienda judicial entre el artesano limeño Toribio Zamudio y el gremio de plateros de Santiago de Chile. Este estudio de caso nos permitirá apreciar las complejas relaciones sociolaborales al interior de los menestrales plateros en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, las que estarán marcadas por lógicas de conflictos internos en torno a la inserción artesanal laboral, la migración urbana y el prestigio social.
Journal Article
Acute respiratory distress in a silversmith
A 25-year-old young male patient presented in casualty department with severe respiratory distress on the fourth day from onset of symptoms. The patient was nonsmoker and had no antecedent medical or drug history. Prior to admission, patient had dry cough and bilateral pleuritic chest pain for the last three days. He was in severe respiratory distress with use of accessory muscles of respiration. On examination, he had heart rate of 120 beats/min, blood pressure (BP) of 150/80, respiratory rate of 48-52/min and central cyanosis present. On systemic examination, reduced intensity of breath sounds with extensive rhonchi and crepitation was found in both lung fields, with other examination being within normal limits. On pulse oximetry, oxygen saturation was 28% on room air, which increased up to 36% with the help of 4 L oxygen via nasal prongs. PaO2/FiO2 ratio was 100. Chest X-ray analysis was suggestive of non-cardiac pulmonary edema in view of bilateral fluffy opacity without cardiomegaly. In view of 2/3 positive criteria, his provisional diagnosis was Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). He required mechanical ventilatory support and was gradually weaned over a period of 10 days. The patient was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and other supportive measures. On re-evaluation of history, we found that he was a goldsmith by occupation, smelting silver and gold for the past 8-10 years. On the day of onset of symptoms, while smelting silver he was exposed to golden yellow fumes for around 15 minutes, with the quantum of exposure more than any other day earlier. From previous experience and analysis of similar silver metals, he was able to tell us that the silver was adulterated with large amount of cadmium on that day than before. Serum level of cadmium was 2.9 μg/L 6 days after initial exposure. At the time of discharge, he had residual opacities in the chest radiograph and resting oxygen saturation was 94% on room air.
Journal Article
