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In ancient Greece, the spoken word connoted power, whether in the free speech accorded to citizens or in the voice of the poet, whose song was thought to know no earthly bounds. But how did silence fit into the mental framework of a society that valued speech so highly? Here Silvia Montiglio provides the first comprehensive investigation into silence as a distinctive and meaningful phenomenon in archaic and classical Greece. Arguing that the notion of silence is not a universal given but is rather situated in a complex network of associations and values, Montiglio seeks to establish general principles for understanding silence through analyses of cultural practices, including religion, literature, and law. Unlike the silence of a Christian before an ineffable God, which signifies the uselessness of words, silence in Greek religion paradoxically expresses the power of logos--for example, during prayer and sacrifice, it serves as a shield against words that could offend the gods. Montiglio goes on to explore silence in the world of the epic hero, where words are equated with action and their absence signals paralysis or tension in power relationships. Her other examples include oratory, a practice in which citizens must balance their words with silence in very complex ways in order to show that they do not abuse their right to speak. Inquiries into lyric poetry, drama, medical writings, and historiography round out this unprecedented study, revealing silence as a force in its own right.

The article attempts to summarize the current knowledge on the preparation of coordination in combat sports and team games. It has been discussed: the basic principles of CMA training, complexity of coordination exercises, the duration of load and rest breaks, the systematic use of special exercises creating the most important CMA and factor of sensitivity and lateralisation in the development of CMA. The directions for further researches have been marked out.

According to Richard Helgerson, as we have seen, “Shakespeare’s history plays are concerned above all with the consolidation and maintenance of royal power.” Citizens did not interest Shakespeare much, except as the contrasting ground against which his monarchs and aristocrats defined themselves. We must turn, as Helgerson does in an unrivaled survey, to the Henslowe history plays to distinguish the victims of sovereignty among the urban middling sort. On the whole, Helgerson is right insofar as we stick to what he terms “image” or “representation” in the theater.1 But if we return to the language of Shakespeare’s history plays, we uncover an underworld of citizen speech that brings the plays closer to many in their original London audiences than the hieratic stage action at first suggests. Furthermore, citizens and citizen-types do appear in the histories, however circumscribed or caricatured their roles seem in comparison with the suffering creations of the Henslowe authors. There is a shift between the first and second tetralogies from London settings to London language, although even in the “Henriad” Eastcheap remains a key location and reference-point.

The application of psychiatry to war and terrorism is highly topical and a source of intense media interest. Shell Shock to PTSD explores the central issues involved in maintaining the mental health of the armed forces and treating those who succumb to the intense stress of combat. Drawing on historical records, recent findings and interviews with veterans and psychiatrists, Edgar Jones and Simon Wessely present a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of military psychiatry. The psychological disorders suffered by servicemen and women from 1900 to the present are discussed and related to contemporary medical priorities and health concerns. This book provides a thought-provoking evaluation of the history and practice of military psychiatry, and places its findings in the context of advancing medical knowledge and the developing technology of warfare. It will be of interest to practicing military psychiatrists and those studying psychiatry, military history, war studies or medical history. Introduction. Part 1: Pre-1914 British Military Psychiatry. Wind Contusions, Nostalgia and Other Early War Syndromes. Irritable Heart and the Crimea. Disordered Action of the Heart. The Lunatic House, Chatham. 'D Block', Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley. The Boer War: DAH and Rheumatism. Railway Spine. Traumatic Neurastenia. The Russo-Japanese War. Balkan Wars (1912-13). Discussion. Part 2: Shell Shock and War Neuroses. Organisation of British Military Psychiatry. The Problem of Shell Shock. French Neurological Centres. British Forward Psychiatry. Psychiatry in the American Expeditionary Force. Base Hospitals. Psychical Treatments. DAH: The Continuing Problem. Gas Hysteria. Chemical Warfare: US Experience. Discussion. Part 3: Military Psychiatry in the Interwar Period. Psychiatrists in the Aftermath of World War One. Southborough Report. The Impact of the Military on Civilian Psychiatry. The Doldrums: Military Psychiatry in the 1920s and 1930s. Shell Shock in the Twenties and Thirties. Ex-Services Mental Welfare Society. Preparing for War. Discussion. Part 4: Recruitment of Psychiatrists. Dunkirk. No. 41 General (Neuropathic) Hospital. Belmont Hospital, Sutton: Slater and Sargant. Mill Hill EMS Hospital: Lewis and Jones. Directorate of Army Psychiatry: Management and Organisation. The Western Desert: The Rediscovery of PIE. No. 78 Neuropathic Hospital. Italy. D-Day and Northwest Europe. US Forward Psychiatry. Post-War Evaluation. Treatment in the UK: Hollymoor Military (P) Hospital, Northfield. Innovation in Treatment. 'Lack of Moral Fibre'. Discussion. Part 5: Screening and Selection. Experimental Phase. Screening World War Two. United Kingdom. Outcomes Screening: United States. Outcomes Screening: United Kingdom. Why Did Screening Fail in World War Two? Korean War. Post-1953. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Discussion. Part 6: Post-1945: Korea, Vietnam and the Falklands. Restructuring for Peace. Post-War Re-evaluation: US Forces. Korean War. Medical Organisation. Psychiatric Casulties. Combat Exhaustion. Somatisation and Cold Injury. Vietnam: The Early Years. The Veterans Come Home. The Epidemiological Evidence. Vietnam: Conclusions. Falklands. Discussion. Part 7: War Pensions and Veterans' Pressure Groups. The Royal Hospital, Chelsea. The Boer War (1899-1902). World War One: Ministry of Pensions and Shell Shock. Veterans' Pressure Groups. The British Legion. Curtailment of Pensions. The Horder Conference. Impact of War. Comrades Associations. US Veterans Groups and the Vietnam War. Glossary of Technical Terms. 'This book is a comprehensive analysis of the history and development of military psychiatry... it provides a fascinating insight to the attempts made to manage and treat war personnel and veterans. It will be of interest to those interested in the classification and development of psychological disorders. The book would be a useful addition to any psychiatric library.' - Joseph Curran, Mental Health Practice, July 2005

[LANGUAGE= \"English\"] BACKGROUND: Bleeding remains the leading cause of potentially preventable deaths both in military and civilian pre-hospital trauma settings. Conventional extremity tourniquets do not control bleeding if an iliac artery or a common femoral artery is injured. Stopping junctional bleeding is particularly challenging and requires the use of specifically designed junctional tourniquets. SAM® Junctional Tourniquet (SJT®, United States of America) and Tactical Abdominal Junctional Tourniquet (T-AJT®, Fora Group Türkiye) have been actively used by Turkish security forces. This study questioned the effect of training on combat medics’ successful junctional tourniquet applications and application times (AT).METHODS: Our research on two different junctional tourniquet models was designed as a prospective randomized, crossover, single-blinded study. All 40 participants in the study were attendees of a 12-week combat medic training course with updated medical approvals, which were used as an eligibility criterion. Randomization was performed by drawing T-AJT®-SJT cards. The study consisted of pretraining and after-training tourniquet application phases. In each study phase, all participants’ AT and the presence or absence of arterial flow were recorded for each group. Finally, the combat medics were presented with a 6-question survey.RESULTS: Although training increased successful T-AJT® application rates, training was not statistically significantly associated with successful applications for any tourniquet types (p>0.05). The pretraining phase ATs for SJT® and T-AJT® were 55±11.8 and 93.8±2.9 seconds, respectively, and the difference was statistically significantly different (p<0.001). Likewise, after-training phase ATs for SJT® and T-AJT® were 49±22.6 and 79.2±17.5 seconds, respectively, and participants’ SJT® ATs were significantly shorter (p<0.001). Overall, when participants’ applied any of the tourniquet unsuccessfully, the odds of participants’ lower Visual Analogue Scale scores were 0.2 (95% CI [0.08, 0.49]. p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Our study basically investigates the effects of training on effective tourniquet application. Unfortunately, our after-training success rates remained unsatisfactory when compared to other studies. This is also the first study on T-AJT® tourniquet application, and further studies on its efficacy are also required.[LANGUAGE= \"Turkish\"] AMAÇ: Kanama hem askeri hem de sivil travmalarda hastane öncesi önlenebilir ölümlerin önde gelen nedeni olmaya devam etmektedir. Geleneksel ekstremite turnikeleri iliak veya common femoral arter yaralanmalarında kanamayı kontrol edemez. Bileşke bölgelerinin kanamasını durdurmak özellikle zordur ve özel olarak tasarlanmış bileşke turnikelerinin kullanılmasını gerektirir. SAM® Bileşke Turnikesi (SJT®, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) ve Taktik Abdominal ve Bileşke Turnikesi (T-AJT® Fora Grup Ltd. Türkiye) Türk güvenlik güçleri tarafından aktif olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada eğitimin muharip sıhhiyecilerin bileşke turnikesi uygulamalarındaki başarı ve uygulama süreleri üzerindeki etkisi sorgulanmıştır.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: İki farklı bileşke turnikesi modeli üzerinde yaptığımız araştırma, ileriye dönük, randomize, tek kör çapraz bir çalışma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Katılımcıların tamamı, uygunluk kriteri olarak kullanılan güncel tıbbi onaylara sahip 12 haftalık muharip sıhhiye eğitim kursunun katılımcılarıydı. Randomizasyon T-AJT ve SJT kartları çekilerek gerçekleştirildi. Çalışma, eğitim öncesi ve eğitim sonrası turnike uygulama aşamalarından oluşmuştur. Her çalışma aşamasında, tüm katılımcıların uygulama süreleri ve arteryel kan akışın varlığı veya yokluğu her grup için kaydedildi. Son olarak, katılımcılara 6 soruluk bir anket sunulmuştur.BULGULAR: Eğitim başarılı T-AJT uygulama oranlarını artırmasına rağmen hiçbir turnike türü için başarılı uygulamalarla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde ilişkili değildi (p>0.05). SJT ve T-AJT için eğitim öncesi turnike uygulama süreleri 55±11.8 ve 93.8±2.9 saniye olup aradaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulundu (p<0.001). Benzer şekilde, SJT ve T-AJT için eğitim sonrası turnike uygulama süreleri 49±22.6 ve 79.2±17.5 saniye ve katılımcıların SJT uygulama süreleri önemli ölçüde daha kısa bulundu (p<0.001). Genel olarak, katılımcılar turnikelerden herhangi birini başarısız bir şekilde uyguladığında, katılımcıların daha düşük görsel analog ölçeği (GAÖ) puanları alma olasılığı 0.2 idi (%95 CI [0.08, 0.49]. p<0.001).SONUÇ: Çalışmamızda temel olarak eğitimin turnike uygulaması üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Ne yazık ki, eğitim sonrası başarı oranlarımız diğer çalışmalarla karşılaştırıldığında yetersiz kalmıştır. Çalışmamız aynı zamanda T-AJT turnike uygulaması üzerine yapılan ilk çalışma olup, turnikenin etkinliği üzerine daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Due to the specific loads that occur in combat sports athletes' forearm muscles, we decided to compare the immediate effect of monotherapy with the use of compressive heat (HT), cold (CT), and alternating therapy (HCT) in terms of eliminating muscle tension, improving muscle elasticity and tissue perfusion and forearm muscle strength. This is a single-blind, randomized, experimental clinical trial. Group allocation was performed using simple 1:1 sequence randomization using the website randomizer.org. The study involved 40 40 combat sports athletes divided into four groups and four therapeutic sessions lasting 20 min. (1) Heat compression therapy session (HT, n = 10) (2) (CT, n = 10), (3) alternating (HCT, n = 10), and sham, control (ShT, n = 10). All participants had measurements of tissue perfusion (PU, [non-reference units]), muscle tension (T—[Hz]), elasticity (E—[arb- relative arbitrary unit]), and maximum isometric force (Fmax [kgf]) of the dominant hand at rest (Rest) after the muscle fatigue protocol (PostFat.5 min), after therapy (PostTh.5 min) and 24 h after therapy (PostTh.24 h) . A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures: Group (ColdT, HeatT, ContrstT, ControlT) × Time (Rest, PostFat.5 min, PostTh.5 min, Post.24 h) was used to examine the changes in examined variables. Post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction and ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) for absolute differences (△) were used to analyze the pairwise comparisons when a significant main effect or interaction was found. The ANOVA for PU, T, E, and Fmax revealed statistically significant interactions of Group by Time factors ( p  < 0.0001), as well as main effects for the Group factors ( p  < 0.0001; except for Fmax). In the PostTh.5 min. Period, significantly ( p  < 0.001) higher PU values were recorded in the HT (19.45 ± 0.91) and HCT (18.71 ± 0.67) groups compared to the ShT (9.79 ± 0.35) group (△ = 9.66 [8.75; 10.57 CI] > MDC (0.73) , and △ = 8.92 [8.01; 9.83 CI] > MDC (0.73) , respectively). Also, significantly ( p  < 0.001) lower values were recorded in the CT (3.69 ± 0.93) compared to the ShT (9.79 ± 0.35) group △ = 6.1 [5.19; 7.01 CI] > MDC (0.73) . For muscle tone in the PostTh.5 m period significantly ( p  < 0.001) higher values were observed in the CT (20.08 ± 0.19 Hz) group compared to the HT (18.61 ± 0.21 Hz), HCT (18.95 ± 0.41 Hz) and ShT (19.28 ± 0.33 Hz) groups (respectively: △ = 1.47 [1.11; 1.83 CI] > MDC (0.845) ; △ = 1.13 [0.77; 1.49 CI] > MDC (0.845) , and △ = 0.8 [0.44; 1.16 CI], < MDC (0.845) ). The highest elasticity value in the PostTh.5 m period were observed in the CT (1.14 ± 0.07) group, and it was significantly higher than the values observed in the HT (0.97 ± 0.03, △ = 0.18 [0.11; 0.24 CI] > MDC (0.094) , p  < 0.001), HCT (0.90 ± 0.04, △ = 0.24 [0.17; 0.31 CI] > MDC (0.094) , p  < 0.001) and ShT (1.05 ± 0.07, △ = 0.094 [0.03; 0.16 CI] = MDC (0.094) , p  = 0.003) groups. For Fmax, there were no statistically significant differences between groups at any level of measurement. The results of the influence of the forearm of all three therapy forms on the muscles' biomechanical parameters confirmed their effectiveness. However, the effect size of alternating contrast therapy cannot be confirmed, especially in the PostTh24h period. Statistically significant changes were observed in favor of this therapy in PU and E measurements immediately after therapy (PostTh.5 min). Further research on contrast therapy is necessary.

Adrenergic receptors (AR) play a vital role in cardiovascular system regulation. The ADRB2 gene, encoding the β2-AR receptor, has genetic variability potentially impacting blood pressure (BP) regulation. Evidence for such associations has been inconsistent. This study investigates the relationship between two ADRB2 polymorphisms (rs1042713, Gly16Arg, and rs1042714, Glu27Gln) and BP changes during the cold pressor test (CPT) in young, healthy men, including combat athletes. The study included two groups: combat athletes and non-athlete students. BP (systolic, SBP; diastolic, DBP) was measured at rest and at pain tolerance during CPT. Genetic analysis was conducted for rs1042713 and rs1042714 polymorphisms. Athletes had higher SBP and DBP than students, with both values increasing during pain tolerance compared to rest. Differences in BP responses during CPT were genotype-dependent. Students with the Gly16Gly16 genotype had significantly higher SBP than Arg16 allele carriers, while this variation was not observed in athletes. Athletes with the Glu27 allele exhibited higher SBP than 27Gln homozygotes, unlike students. Gly16 and Glu27 alleles are linked to elevated stress-induced BP responses in young Polish men. However, BP regulation involves multiple genetic and environmental factors not explored in this study.

Background Immunogenic cell death (ICD) triggers antitumor immune responses and plays a critical role in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, its specific contribution to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression and immunotherapy response remains insufficiently explored. Method We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing with machine learning to characterize ICD-related transcriptional features in LUAD. ICD activity was quantified across cell types using five scoring algorithms. To develop a robust prognostic model, we evaluated over 100 machine learning algorithm combinations and selected the CoxBoost + SuperPC approach based on the highest concordance index (C-index). The resulting ICD-related gene signature (ICDRS) was validated in six external cohorts. Downstream analyses included immune infiltration, mutation profiling, drug sensitivity, and immunotherapy response. SLC2A1 was selected for functional validation using qRT-PCR, CCK-8, Transwell, colony formation, and xenograft assays. Results Single-cell analysis revealed that macrophages exhibited the highest ICD activity and contributed significantly to intercellular communication. Based on ICD-associated genes, the ICDRS model consisting of 11 core genes was constructed and showed superior prognostic performance over 112 published LUAD signatures across multiple cohorts. The ICDRS stratified patients into distinct risk groups with significant differences in overall survival, immune infiltration patterns, and immunotherapy benefit. Low-risk patients exhibited higher levels of CD8⁺ T cells, dendritic cells, and immune function scores, along with greater sensitivity to standard chemotherapeutics and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Functional experiments confirmed that SLC2A1 was upregulated in LUAD tissues and cell lines. Silencing SLC2A1 suppressed proliferation and invasion in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in xenograft models, supporting its oncogenic role. Conclusion This study highlights the crucial role of ICD in LUAD immune regulation and prognosis. The ICDRS serves as a robust biomarker for risk stratification and immunotherapy guidance, while SLC2A1 emerges as a potential therapeutic target to augment immunotherapeutic efficacy.

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of compression contrast therapy (CT) and dry needling therapy (DN) on muscle tension (MT), muscle strength (Fmax), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and perfusion (PU) following fatigue of forearm muscles (e.g., flexor carpi radialis) in combat sports athletes. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was employed. Participants first underwent muscle fatigue induction, which involved sustaining an isometric handgrip at 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction in 5-second cycles. This was followed by exposure to one of the regenerative therapies. Forty-five participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CT/DN (n = 15), CT/ShDN (n = 15), and ShCT/DN (n = 15). The sham condition (Sh) involved a simulated version of the technique. Measurements were taken at four time points: (i) at rest; (ii) immediately after exercise that led to a state of fatigue; (iii) 5 minutes after therapy (PostTh5min); and (iv) 24 hours after therapy (PostTh24h). Each participant was exposed to one experimental condition and one control condition, thereby undergoing evaluation in two sessions. Significant differences between groups were found in MT during the PostTh5min (p = 0.005), as well as in PU during the PostTh5min (p < 0.001) and PU during the PostTh24h (p < 0.001). All groups showed significant improvements at 5 minutes post-therapy compared to immediately post-muscle fatigue. As conclusions, CT/DN seems to be significantly better for enhancing MT and PU after 5 minutes of muscle fatigue induction. Using either CT, DN, or both combined is recommended to enhance the recovery of muscle functionality and properties, favoring recovery and potentially speeding up performance enhancement.