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"Size judgment."
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The thighs have it: evidence for the importance of lower body regions in female body size judgments
Background
This study investigated the body features underpinning accurate size judgments of female bodies, and whether judgment accuracy varies with body size. Previous research indicates several body features can influence size judgments; however, there is uncertainty around which specific parts are important, if those vary with size, and whether body perception involves holistic processing (i.e., the whole body) or relies on specific cues (i.e., certain body parts). To examine these questions, we used the bodyline task, which measures two underlying sources of perceptual error in body size judgments: regression to the mean and serial dependence.
Results
In Experiment 1 (
N
= 99), we compared judgments of whole bodies to those made viewing the top-half or bottom-half only. Viewing the bottom-half only produced judgments as accurate as those for the whole body, suggesting holistic processing of the whole body is not required for body size judgments. Experiment 2 (
N
= 116) built on that result by comparing judgments when only the inner or outer thigh region were visible, compared to the whole body. Both isolated thigh regions led to significantly poorer accuracy in judgments compared to whole-body stimuli, indicating that accurate size judgments require more body features than those alone.
Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate that accurate judgment of female body size does not require holistic processing but does involve integration of multiple features within the lower body region. These results have implications for understanding the perceptual processes involved in body size estimation with potential for broader considerations of body image disorders.
Journal Article
Self-selected interval judgments compared to point judgments: A weight judgment experiment in the presence of the size-weight illusion
Measurements of human attitudes and perceptions have traditionally used numerical point judgments. In the present study, we compared conventional point estimates of weight with an interval judgment method. Participants were allowed to make step by step judgments, successively converging towards their best estimate. Participants estimated, in grams, the weight of differently sized boxes, estimates thus susceptible to the size-weight illusion. The illusion makes the smaller of two objects of the same weight, differing only in size, to be perceived as heavier. The self-selected interval method entails participants judging a highest and lowest reasonable value for the true weight. This is followed by a splitting procedure, consecutive choices of selecting the upper or lower half of the interval the individual estimates most likely to include the true value. Compared to point estimates, interval midpoints showed less variability and reduced the size-weight illusion, but only to a limited extent. Accuracy improvements from the interval method were limited, but the between participant variation suggests that the method has merit.
Journal Article
Distorted body representations are robust to differences in experimental instructions
Several recent reports have shown that even healthy adults maintain highly distorted representations of the size and shape of their body. These distortions have been shown to be highly consistent across different study designs and dependent measures. However, previous studies have found that visual judgments of size can be modulated by the experimental instructions used, for example, by asking for judgments of the participant’s subjective experience of stimulus size (i.e.,
apparent
instructions) versus judgments of actual stimulus properties (i.e.,
objective
instructions). Previous studies investigating internal body representations have relied exclusively on ‘apparent’ instructions. Here, we investigated whether apparent versus objective instructions modulate findings of distorted body representations underlying position sense (Exp.
1
), tactile distance perception (Exp.
2
), as well as the conscious body image (Exp.
3
). Our results replicate the characteristic distortions previously reported for each of these tasks and further show that these distortions are not affected by instruction type (i.e., apparent vs. objective). These results show that the distortions measured with these paradigms are robust to differences in instructions and do not reflect a dissociation between perception and belief.
Journal Article
The Critical Trigger for Cognitive Penetration: Cognitive Processing Priority over Perceptual Processing
The visual perception system of humans is susceptible to cognitive influence, which implies the existence of cognitive perception. However, the specifical trigger for cognitive penetration is still a matter of controversy. The current study proposed that the cognitive processing priority over perceptual processing might be critical for inducing cognitive penetration. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the processing priority between cognition and perception across three experiments where participants were asked to complete a size-judging task under different competing conditions between cognition and perception. To sum up, we proved that the cognitive processing priority over perceptual processing is critical for cognitive penetration. This study provided empirical evidence for the critical trigger for cognitive penetration.
Journal Article
Big and small, room for all
Compares the sizes of objects found in the natural world to each other, including the size of the sun to the Earth and the size of a child to a kitten.
Book
The incredible shrinking bee : insects as models for microelectromechanical devices / James V. Lawry
\"Because vertebrate circulations do not work when shrunk to insect sizes, insects may help us design our smallest machines. Within small bodies, bees separate diffusing substances in an open cavity assisted by locomotion and the beat of the heart. The open anthropoid circulation, however, is most efficient when shrunk until its large three-dimensional volume of blood turns into a two-dimensional film of fluid covering only the internal surfaces. This transformation increases the chances to near-certainty that molecules can diffuse from one point to another without getting lost.\" \"The Incredible Shrinking Bee expresses mathematics in words so the most readers can compare today's microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices with a honeybee's circulation, introducing ideas of biominiaturization to workers interested in developing compact energy and chemical system.\"--Jacket.
eBook