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Public Health and Social Ideas in Modern Brazil
Public health in Brazil achieved remarkable development at the turn of the 20th century thanks in part to physicians and social thinkers who made it central to their proposals for “modernizing” the country. Public health was more than a set of medical and technical measures; it was fundamental to the project of nation building. I trace the interplay between public health and social ideas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Physicians and social thinkers challenged the traditional belief that Brazil’s sociocultural and ethnic diversity was an obstacle to modernization, and they promoted public health as the best prescription for national unity. Public health ideas in developing countries such as Brazil may have a greater impact when they are intertwined with social thought and with the processes of nation building and construction of a modern society.
Journal Article
Kongo King Festivals in Brazil: From Kings of Nations to Kings of Kongo
Popular culture in Brazil owes a great deal to African cultural elements that have been reorganized and reassembled through various and multiple historical processes. One particular festivity that takes place in many regions and has occurred since the beginning of Portuguese colonization consists of the coronation and celebration of black kings. This happened under the veil of Catholic brotherhoods that congregated groups of Africans and their descendants, who were slaves, freed or free born individuals. In the eighteenth century these were known as \"black king celebrations.\" The celebrated individuals were identified as \"kings of nations\" and represented specific ethnic or multi-ethnic groups. The designation congada appeared for the first time at the beginning of the nineteenth century to refer to such celebrations, and as time went by the ethnic black kings gradually turned into \"kings of Kongo.\" In the course of the nineteenth century, the king of Kongo festivals became, as a result of historical processes that had begun in the sixteenth century, the place of an affirmation of a black Catholic identity and a reinforcement of communitarian links, mainly among groups of Central African ancestry. Today the congadas are still performed by black and racially mixed groups, mainly in the southeast of Brazil.
Journal Article
European conquest, Indian subjection and the conflicts of colonization: Brazil in the early modern era
This paper discusses the questions that emerged from the contact established by Europeans and Indians during the early modern era in what is today Brazil. It aims at demonstrating that dual structuralist models, which overemphasize material arguments of economic expansion and place conquerors and conquered in opposite ends, fail to grasp the rich cultural history embedded in the encounters that took place in that period. Colonization was a multifarious process that involved dealing with incompatible world views and often resulted in a complex history of temporary alliances, of conflict and strife, of negotiation and dialogue. The conquest and appropriation of the Brazilian territory, and the questions that they provoked, did not always put Europeans and Indians one against the other: not rarely, colonization demanded that the Europeans allied themselves to the natives against other Europeans, and that the natives allied themselves to Europeans against other natives. Even the control of the colony by the mother country should not be understood as a top-down movement, for metropolitan policies did not always have the expected answer from the colony or had differentiated social and spatial impacts there.
Journal Article
Millenarian Slaves? The Santidade de Jaguaripe and Slave Resistance in the Americas
Metcalf discusses the Santidade de Jaguaripe of 16th century Brazil. These Indian and African slaves created a vibrant millenarian movement in the 1850s. She argues that the Santidade de Jaguaripe is one of the few documented examples of a slave millenarian movement in the Americas.
Journal Article
Blacks of the Rosary: Memory and History in Minas Gérais, Brazil
Elizabeth Kiddy's exploration of the historical presence and impact of slave and ex-slave religious fraternal organizations in Brazil-the Brotherhoods of the Rosary-provides what is perhaps the most significant work in this field since the publication of the classic works published by Russell-Wood in the late 1960s. Relying on a rich base of data including historical records, firsthand accounts, travelogues, interviews, and public and Church-based census material, Blacks of the Rosary: Memory and History in Minas Gerais in Brazil details both the historical roots and context of a religious phenomenon , which has lasted into the 21st century. In doing so, it also provides exceptional insight into the mechanisms that have ensured the Brotherhoods' survival in a vastly changing social and political context in which Brazil has moved from slavery to abolition, empire to democratic republic, church repression to tolerance, and from being a rural-based economy to an urban, industrial powerhouse. Through all these transformations, Brazil's Brotherhoods of the Rosary-originally formed in the 16th century to provide a strong community and faith-oriented base for existing and freed slaves-have remained remarkably constant in their structures of organization and authority, their strong rootedness in African cosmology, and above all, their devotion to \"Our Lady of the Rosary.\"
Book Review
Frontier Theory as an Explanatory Tool for Brazilian History: A Viable Construct?
A review essay on the following books; Hal Langfur, The Forbidden Lands: Colonial Identity, Fronteir Violence, and the Persistence of Brazil's Eastern Indians, 1750-1830 (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2006), David McCreer, Frontier Goias, 1822-1889 (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2006), Alida C. Metcalf, Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil, 1500-1600 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005).
Book Review