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"Slavery Brazil History 17th century."
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Jesuits as Petitioners: Antonio Ruiz de Montoya and the Issue of Indigenous Slavery in the Early Seventeenth-Century South Atlantic
In the Spanish monarchy, corporations, religious orders, and other petitioners kept procurators in Madrid to lobby the royal councils on their behalf. Drawing on an efficient network of information, the Madrid-based Jesuit procurators were known for their insistence on solving the financial and personnel needs of several missions throughout the New World. This article analyzes a series of petitions composed by Antonio Ruiz de Montoya in the late 1630s on behalf of Jesuit missions in Paraguay. These missions had been harassed by Portuguese slavers, who captured tens of thousands of natives in this region. Ruiz de Montoya's petitions reveal that the Jesuits’ lobbying actions had a much greater impact than has been assumed. Far from confining themselves to asking for material and human resources for the missions, the Jesuits proposed that the Spanish crown make a large-scale intervention in the administration of Portuguese domains in the South Atlantic, a program that Madrid would have implemented were it not for Portuguese independence in 1640.
Journal Article
The Reformed Church and the Regulation of Religious Literature in the Early Dutch Atlantic World
Catechisms, Bibles, and other printed works were critical for the successful plantation and growth of Dutch religion and culture in the seventeenth-century Atlantic world. This essay examines the provision, regulation, and various controversies surrounding religious books and pamphlets in that period. Under the joint supervision of the West India Company and the Dutch Reformed churches of the Netherlands, colonial clergy were supposed to teach everyone from Company soldiers and officers to European settlers, from Africans and African slaves to Native Americans. And the clergy certainly had some missionary achievements, especially where the Company’s power was greatest. However, colonial clergy and churches also faced tremendous difficulties and fell short of their original plans and goals. Studying the different tools they had at their disposal—studying the creation (and destruction) of their printed materials—helps us see the church’s own culpability in these difficulties and failures. Early seventeenth-century Dutch Calvinism was restrictive enough and the churches of the Netherlands worried enough about deviance and heterodoxy that they unintentionally undermined their own mission and reduced the Dutch footprint overseas.
Journal Article
'Pretos' and 'Pardos' between the Cross and the Sword: Racial Categories in Seventeenth Century Brazil
Mixing between Europeans and Africans in the Portuguese empire produced hierarchical categories for racial gradations during the seventeenth century. During this period the categories 'mulato' and 'pardo' were included in the regulations for Purity of Blood (Estatutos de Pureza de Sangue), which determined who could have access to the same honours and privileges that the old Christian Portuguese received. From the seventeenth century onwards, those regulations stipulated that 'no one of the race of Jew, Moor or Mulato' (Raça alguma de Judeu, Mouro ou Mulato) were eligible to receive certain honours and privileges from the crown. This paper discusses the meanings of 'race' on the basis of two historical case studies. The twin processes of miscegenation, in the biological sense, and cultural intermixing have engendered intermediate strata that have long stimulated the imagination of historians. Instead of emphasizing the idea of new strata of mixed blood, the two cases presented here suggest a more central role for the early demographic impact of access to manumission in colonial society to explain the emergence of these intermediate categories in Portuguese America. Durante el siglo diecisiete, las mezclas entre europeos y africanos en el imperio portugués produjeron categorías jerárquicas de gradaciones raciales. Durante este período las categorías de 'mulato' y 'pardo' fueron incluidas en los estatutos para la Pureza de la Sangre (Estatutos de Pureza de Sangue), que determinaban quiénes tenían acceso a los mismos honores y privilegios de que gozaban los viejos cristianos portugueses. Desde el siglo diecisiete en adelante, esos estatutos estipulaban que \"nadie de la raza judía, moro o mulato\" (Raça alguma de Judeu, Mouro ou Mulato) podían recibir ciertos honores y privilegios de la Corona. En este artículo discutimos el significado del concepto de 'raza' sobre la base de dos estudios de caso historiográficos. Los procesos gemelos de mezcla racial, en el sentido biológico, y de mestizaje cultural engendraron estratos intermedios que han estimulado la imaginación de los historiadores durante largo tiempo. En lugar de enfatizar la idea de los nuevos estratos de sangre mixta, los dos casos presentados aquí sugieren, a la hora de explicar la emergencia de estas categorías intermedias en la América lusitana, un papel más central para el primer impacto demográfico del acceso a la manumisión en la sociedad colonial.
Journal Article
Maroon settlements and colonial authorities. Palmares, Cucaú and the limits of freedom in late seventeenth-century Pernambuco
ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: dans lequel ont été menées les négociations, leur lien avec les débats sur la liberté des Indiens au Brésil et les controverses suscitées par l'octroi de l'affranchissement aux natifs de Palmares, suivi du re-asservissement des habitants de Cucaú. Les caractéristiques de l'accord de 1678 et les circonstances dans lesquelles il fut signé révèlent des aspects importants des luttes esclaves et des choix qui ont été faits. Choix qui concernaient l'esclavage et la liberté des Noirs et des Indiens dans l'empire colonial portugais à la fin du XVIIe siècle, au Pernambouc, au Brésil et au Portugal. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: This article focuses on the peace agreement signed in 1678 between Ganga Zumba, leader of Palmares, the largest and longest-lived maroon settlement in the history of slavery in Brazil, and the colonial authorities in Pernambuco, in the Northeast State of Brazil, which establish the aldeia of Cucaú. It examines the context of the negotiations, the connections with the debates on the freedom of Indians in Brazil, and the controversies that were raised by the emancipation conceded to those born in Palmares and, later, by the re-enslavement of the inhabitants of Cucaú. The characteristics and the circumstances of the agreement of 1678 disclose important aspects of the slaves' fights and the dilemmas lived in the end of eighteenth century in Pernambuco, Brazil and Portugal in relation to the slavery and freedom of blacks and Indians in the Portuguese colonial empire. Reprinted by permission of Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales
Journal Article