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"Slicing"
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Planar and nonplanar slicing algorithms for fused deposition modeling technology: a critical review
A
bstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most popular and ubiquitous additive manufacturing methods, which uses a layering procedure to build 3D models layers-upon-layers. Since the layers are the constituents of the resulted 3D part, the layering process can directly affect the part’s surface finish and mechanical properties, which are the two major drawbacks in FDM. To this end, investigating different layering/slicing algorithms can deepen the understanding of the challenges and gaps in FDM, which will help improve the quality of the 3D printed parts. In this review, slicing algorithms developed for FDM technology are categorized into two main groups: planar and nonplanar. While planar algorithms generate flat layers, nonplanar algorithms provide curved and out-of-plane layers, increasing build speed, eliminating support structures, smoothening the outer surface, and enhancing mechanical properties. Planar algorithms are subdivided into single-axis and multi-axis algorithms. Single-axis printing confines the build direction along the perpendicular axis of the build platform, while multi-axis printing can change the build direction for different layers. Conventional Cartesian printers can achieve single-axis planar printing and are the dominant approach in commercial FDM printers. Upgraded hardware and complicated calculations are needed to enable the printer to deploy multi-axis planar and nonplanar printing capability, which are the downsides of these advanced methods. This review broadly discusses the impact of the slicing algorithm on the surface quality, build time, support structure, and mechanical properties of 3D printed parts. Current challenges and prospective solutions are presented.
Journal Article
The spiralizer! cookbook : the new way to low-calorie and low-carb eating : how-to techniques and 80 deliciously healthy recipes : the ultimate guide to the newest kitchen appliance for preparing vegetables and fruits, with over 450 step-by-step photographs
The spiralizer is the newest tool in healthy eating -- creating tasty low-carb, low-calorie noodles, ribbons and 'rice' from everyday fruits and vegetables, all with the feel-full factor of real pasta. This book features 80 recipes which show you how to get the most out of your spiralized dishes.
Book
Nonplanar slicing and path generation methods for robotic additive manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM, generally called 3D printing) has attracted great research interests due to its ability to build complex shapes. It transforms design files to functional products through slicing and material accumulation. Typically, the planar slicing strategy is used in AM to convert CAD model into accumulating layers. However, when building overhang structures and curved parts, it often needs support structures and generates a large number of planar layers, which lead to the fact that it spends more time in manufacturing. To reduce the need for support structures and decrease the number of layers, this paper presents two nonplanar slicing approaches: a decomposition-based curved surface slicing strategy and a transformation-based cylinder surface slicing method. The former is implemented based on STEP models and the latter is capable of slicing mesh models. The feasibility of the proposed methods are validated by printing two parts with a robotic fused deposition modelling system.
Journal Article
Mixed-layer adaptive slicing for robotic Additive Manufacturing (AM) based on decomposing and regrouping
AM, generally known as 3D printing, is a promising technology. Robotic AM enables the direct fabrication of products possessing complex geometry and high performance without extra support structures. Process planning of slicing and tool path generation has been a challenging issue due to geometric complexity, material property, etc. Simple and robust planar slicing has been widely researched and applied. However, support structures usually result in time-consuming and cost-expensive. Notwithstanding multi-direction slicing and non-planar slicing (curved layer slicing) have been proposed respectively to decrease support structures, capture some minute but critical features and improve the surface quality and part strength. There is no slicing method aiming at features of part’s sub-volumes. A comprehensive literature review is given first to illustrate the problems and features of available slicing methods better. Then, in order to combine the merits of planar and non-planar slicing to realize intelligent manufacturing further, this paper reports the concept and implementation of a mixed-layer adaptive slicing method for robotic AM. Different from applying planar slicing in any cases or adopting the decomposing and regrouping based multi-direction planar slicing for finding the optimal slicing directions, the proposed method mainly focuses on how to apply planar and non-planar slicing for each sub-volume according to the geometrical features. Additionally, the requirements for robotic AM equipment in possessing multi-mode of printing and slicing are investigated.
Journal Article
Network slicing: a next generation 5G perspective
Fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks are projected to bring a major transformation to the current fourth-generation network to support the billions of devices that will be connected to the Internet. 5G networks will enable new and powerful capabilities to support high-speed data rates, better connectivity and system capacity that are critical in designing applications in virtual reality, augmented reality and mobile online gaming. The infrastructure of a network that can support stringent application requirements needs to be highly dynamic and flexible. Network slicing can provide these dynamic and flexible characteristics to a network architecture. Implementing network slicing in 5G requires domain modification of the preexisting network architecture. A network slicing architecture is proposed for an existing 5G network with the aim of enhancing network dynamics and flexibility to support modern network applications. To enable network slicing in a 5G network, we established the virtualisation of the underlying physical 5G infrastructure by utilising technological advancements, such as software-defined networking and network function virtualisation. These virtual networks can fulfil the requirement of multiple use cases as required by creating slices of these virtual networks. Thus, abstracting from the physical resources to create virtual networks and then applying network slicing on these virtual networks enable the 5G network to address the increased demands for high-speed communication.
Journal Article
Wire and arc additive manufacturing of metal components: a review of recent research developments
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an important metal 3D printing method, which has many advantages, such as rapid deposition rate, low cost, and suitability for large complex metal components manufacturing, and it has received extensive attention. This paper summarizes the research developments of WAAM in recent years, including the WAAM-suitable metal materials and processing technology, deposition strategy optimization including slicing and path planning algorithm, multi-sensor monitoring and intelligent control, and the large complex metal components manufacturing technology. The promising development directions of WAAM are prospected, including the research of new materials and new technology, composite manufacturing, multi-sensor and real-time monitoring, algorithmic optimization of metal filling strategy, and the application of artificial intelligence technology in WAAM, etc.
Journal Article
Implementation and virtual assessment of a non-uniform cylindrical slicing algorithm for robot-based additive manufacturing
Robot-based additive manufacturing (RBAM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology powered by robotic manipulators. The material is deposited from a nozzle onto an initial surface, adding successive layers on top of each other and pouring it along multiple directions (multiaxial deposition) thanks to the dexterity of robots, often of the anthropomorphic type. Furthermore, it is possible to manufacture layers of non-uniform thickness, thus obtaining non-parallel and non-planar layers. In particular, RBAM can be implemented to realize revolved parts with protruding portions. Cylindrical or conical slicing algorithms have been devised to process the sub-volumes, reducing the number of layers and the need for support structures. In this context, the paper presents a novel algorithm for non-uniform cylindrical slicing that processes sub-volumes connected to a cylindrical shape. The specific contribution of the work is an algorithm that moves from a curved slicing to increase the adhesion between the central body and the first layer, and it relaxes the curvature in the subsequent layers, arriving, if possible, at a planar slicing. The algorithm considers robots’ intrinsic constraints on movements. Planar paths are better approximated than non-planar ones since they prevent the robot from constantly changing the nozzle angle, thus increasing the overall quality of the printing. The algorithm is applied to four test cases and compared with other slicing approaches using numeric indices, objectivating its strengths and limits.
Journal Article
Optimization of Manufacturing Parameters and Tensile Specimen Geometry for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D-Printed PETG
Additive manufacturing provides high design flexibility, but its use is restricted by limited mechanical properties compared to conventional production methods. As technology is still emerging, several approaches exist in the literature for quantifying and improving mechanical properties. In this study, we investigate characterizing materials’ response of additive manufactured structures, specifically by fused deposition modeling (FDM). A comparative analysis is achieved for four different tensile test specimens for polymers based on ASTM D3039 and ISO 527-2 standards. Comparison of specimen geometries is studied with the aid of computations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). Uniaxial tensile tests are carried out, after a careful examination of different slicing approaches for 3D printing. We emphasize the effects of the chosen slicer parameters on the position of failures in the specimens and propose a simple formalism for measuring effective mechanical properties of 3D-printed structures.
Journal Article
5G-V2X: standardization, architecture, use cases, network-slicing, and edge-computing
Vehicular communication is one of the critical technologies in intelligent transportation system to provide connectivity between vehicles, road side units, and pedestrians. Multiple wireless accessing technologies designed to provide connectivity in vehicular networks such as conventional Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11p, and cellular communications. Recently, cellular V2X (C-V2X) is standardized and designed by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) for automotive services. C-V2X supports two communication modes through a single platform to provide both Wi-Fi and cellular communication. LTE-V2X is the current 3GPPRelease 14 standard that has many enhancements to provide the new 3GPPRelease 16 for the new 5G radio generation. 5G-new radio (NR) is expected to address the automotive capabilities, improvement, and services for 2020 and beyond. 5G-NR becomes a competitive technology compared with other wireless technologies because of extensive coverage, high capacity, high reliability, and low delay support. In this paper, we propose the Optimizing of 5G with V2X, and analyzing the current V2X standards, introducing the development of 5G, challenges, features, requirements, design, and technologies.
Journal Article