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Reflections on slope stability engineering
\"This book contains the detailed reflections of its author who has practised and researched in the field for over a half century. It is written in an informal style that makes it an interesting and thought-provoking practitioner guide to landslides and slope problems and their investigation, analysis, and remediation, considering both natural and man-made slopes and earthworks, and without the need for the usual equations and illustrations. Reflections on Slope Stability Engineering is targeted primarily at practitioners working in the investigations of slope instability and the design and construction of treatments of the problem, especially those early in their careers, but the accessible style also suits students who are developing an interest in the subject and even those engineers with only a casual interest in this branch of geotechnics\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
A geotechnical approach to compare different slope stabilization techniques for failed slope in the Darjeeling hills, India
Landslides are one of the extensive and destructive natural hazards in the mountainous areas and can cause loss of life and infrastructure. Slope stabilization methods can be adopted to minimize the losses due to landslides. The aim of this study is to investigate the failed slope due to landslides and suggest the site-specific ground improvement solutions capable to increase the factor of safety and reduce the displacement. In this study, a slope on a National Highway connecting the ridge to the foot hills in the Darjeeling Himalayas India is selected as the study site due to occurrence of landslides. The study site is investigated and the slope stability analyses are carried out by two-dimensional finite-element analyses. Comparisons of four different slope stabilization methods are introduced with the understanding of behavior of support system. Different slope stabilization methods along with or without ground improvement techniques like benching, retaining wall, soil nails, micropiles, shotcrete, and geogrid are attempted. Factors of safety along with displacements are computed for all the different combinations with and without rainfall effect. Parametric study is also carried out to investigate the optimum configuration for the suggested slope stabilization technique. After comparing and assessing different ground improvement techniques, the results suggest that the combination of soil nails with shotcrete and geogrid on stepped cut slope face along with retaining walls supported by micropiles and soil nails at the bottom has performed well and satisfies the stability conditions for the selected slope. The suggested combination provides an optimal solution and remediation option for stabilizing the slope.
Journal Article
Slope stabilization of coal mine overburden dumps: life cycle environmental sustainability assessment of alternatives
The stability of coalmine overburden dumps is a crucial aspect and often requires a slope stabilization method in place to prevent slope failures. Mechanical methods like benching, gabion wall construction, geogrid reinforcement, and biological methods like the use of vegetation can suffice the need for slope stabilization. In this study, a life cycle assessment of the above-mentioned methods was performed to obtain the environmental impacts through various midpoint impact categories considering a “cradle-to-site” assessment. The system boundary for each method was created using the involved activities and associated equipment and energy needs. The Ecoinvent 3.0 database and TRACI assessment method were used to perform the life cycle impact assessment using SimaPro software. The results show that the use of vegetation caused the least impact. The highest impact under the majority midpoint categories was caused by geogrid reinforcement followed by benching, which was mostly attributed to the geogrid production and OB handling activities, respectively. The carcinogenic, followed by ecotoxicity and fossil fuel depletions, were the most impacted categories for the mechanical methods, which may be due to the release of chemical pollutants during material production or handling. Adherence to the overburden dump management guidelines and the use of renewable sources of energy are the two major aspects that can drastically curb the emission load on the environment, thus inching towards the goal of sustainability while adopting slope stabilization measures for overburden dumps. Besides imparting stability, plants provide a diverse solution to the other ills associated with the overburden storage and management.
Journal Article
A Case Study on the Application of 3D Scanning Technology in Deformation Monitoring of Slope Stabilization Structure
Traditional deformation monitoring suffers from issues such as the point-based representation of surfaces and low measurement efficiency. Moreover, the majority of researchers study the deformation of slopes using methods such as 3S technology, synthetic aperture radar interferometry, distributed fiber optic sensing technology, etc. Based on this, a slope stabilization structure deformation monitoring method based on 3D laser scanning technology is proposed. First, with the slope stabilization structure of Caihong Road as the engineering background, point cloud data of the slope stabilization structure is obtained using a Trimble SX10 device. Second, the point deformation, overall deformation, and line deformation of the two-phase slope stabilization structure point cloud data are analyzed. Finally, the measurement accuracy of the 3D laser scanning technology is evaluated. The results show that the deformation analysis of points, lines, and surfaces can complement each other, thereby comprehensively assessing the situation of slope stabilization structure deformation. Moreover, the maximum displacement value in the deformation of points, lines, and surfaces is 8.52 mm, which does not exceed the standard, and 93.61% of the point deformation is between −0.76~0.92 mm, indicating that the slope stabilization structure is in a safe and stable state. The independent sample t-test has a test statistic of t = 2.074, verifying that the 3D laser scanning technology and the total station measurement accuracy are highly consistent and can meet the needs of actual engineering. The results of this study can provide a reasonable theoretical and methodological reference for analyzing similar engineering deformation monitoring in the future.
Journal Article
Influence of root suction on tensile strength of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots and its implication on bioslope stabilization
Root tensile strength is an important factor controlling the performance of bio-slope stabilization works. Due to evapotranspiration and climate factors, the root moisture content and its suction can vary seasonally in practice and may not equal soil suction. The influences of suction and root moisture contents were investigated on
Chrysopogon zizanioides
(vetiver grass) root tensile strength. The root specimens were equilibrated with moist air in different suction conditions (0, 10, 20, and 50 kPa), prior to root tension tests. The root-water characteristic curve or relationship between root moisture and suction, was determined. The increase in suction resulted in decreased tensile strengths of the grass roots, particularly those with diameter of about 0.2 mm, which constituted 50.7% of all roots. For 1 mm roots, the tensile strength appeared to be unaffected by suction increase. The average root tensile strengths were used to estimate the root cohesion in slope stability analysis to find variation of safety factors of a bioengineered slope in different suction conditions. The analysis showed that the critical condition of slope with the lowest factor of safety would happen when the soil suction was zero and the root suction was high. Such condition may occur during a heavy rain period after a prolonged drought.
Journal Article
Strength Behaviour of Marginal Soil Reinforced with Grass Roots
The roots of vetiver grasses can act as a reinforcement and reduce the intensity of slope erosion by protecting the slope from raindrop impact through the anchorage effect and by improving the physio-mechanical behaviour of the soil. This study examined the influence of roots on the shear strength of silty clay soils. Grasses of native species of the Himalayan forest were used as soil reinforcement in the present experimental study. The study concentrates on the shear strength enhancement and improvement in the physical characteristics of the soil-root matrix. Root content has been varied from 0 to 2.5% with an increment of 0.5%. The soil cohesion is found to improve significantly compared to enhancement in the angle of internal friction. The reinforced soil exhibits improved stress-strain behaviour and ductility of soil. These results can serve as a technical basis that can support the utilisation of locally available environmentally friendly grass roots for erosion control and slope stabilisation.
Journal Article
Optimisation of a Slope-Stabilisation System Combining Gabion-Faced Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Wall with Embedded Piles
Slope instability is a common geotechnical issue in South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. The network of rural roads constructed and maintained by the local authority are greatly affected by the instability. An integrated slope-stabilisation system that combines two well-developed slope stabilisation methods has been used widely in this district. These two methods are gabion-faced geogrid-reinforced retaining wall and pile retaining structures. These two methods are connected by a steel rail that is welded at the top of the piles to buttress the lowest row of the gabion basket wall. In order to reflect the site conditions accurately, a three-dimensional non-linear finite element approach is adopted in this study. The elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive model with the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is used to describe the behaviour of the soil and the gabion basket. With the assistance of the shear strength reduction technique, the effectiveness of the integrated system is demonstrated through the comparison of the representative indicators of the slope stability among various slope configurations. A series of parametric studies related to the ratio of the embedded length of geogrid to the height of the slope, the ratio of the embedded length of the pile to the thickness of the unstable soil layer, and the ratio of the spacing to the diameter of the pile have also been conducted for the purpose of optimising this slope stabilisation infrastructure. The results from the parametric studies indicate that the optimised and improved integrated infrastructure can stabilise the road and slope economically without the loss of the safety margin.
Journal Article
Composite Anchors for Slope Stabilisation: Monitoring of their In-Situ Behaviour with Optical Fibre
Composite anchors are special passive sub-horizontal reinforcements recently developed for remediation of unstable slopes. They are composed of a hollow steel bar, installed by a self-drilling technique in the soil, coupled with tendons cemented in the inner hole to increase the global anchor tensile strength. The anchors are primarily intended to stabilise medium to deep landslides, both in soils or weathered rock masses. Among the valuable advantages of composite anchors are their low cost, ease of installation, and flexibility in execution, as testified by a rapid increase in their use in recent years. The bond strength at the soil-anchor interface is the main parameter for both the design of these reinforcements and the evaluation of their long-term effects for landslide stabilisation. After a brief description of the composite anchor technology, this paper presents a novel methodology for monitoring the strain and stress accumulated in the anchors over time when installed in an unstable slope. The new monitoring system is composed of a distributed fibre optic sensing system, exploiting the optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique, to measure the strain exerted on the optical fibre cable embedded with the tendons inside the bar. The system permits an evaluation of the axial force distribution in the anchor and the soil-anchor interface actions with a spatial resolution of up to some millimetres. Therefore, it allows determination of the stabilising capability associated with the specific hydrogeological conditions of the site. Furthermore, upon an extensive validation, the system may become part of a standard practice to be applied in this type of intervention, aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the anchor installation and its evolution over time.
Journal Article
Stability analysis of slope based on the coupling of well-point dewatering and chemical improvement slope stabilization
This study investigates the impact of coupling well-point dewatering with chemical improvement slope stabilization configurations on slope stability. Targeting two slope stabilization types—toe-fixed pier and equidistant borehole configurations—the variation patterns of slope stability coefficients under different dewatering depths, pier parameters, and borehole parameters were analyzed using Geo Studio software. The results demonstrate that dewatering depth significantly enhances slope stability, with an optimal depth of 10 meters effectively reducing pore water pressure at the slip surface and improving stability. For the pier-type configuration, increasing pier height and width within a specific range notably enhances stability, though marginal benefits diminish gradually. In the borehole-type configuration, when the borehole depth is within the range of 2–4 meters, the reinforcement effect on shallow areas is particularly significant, and the slope stability coefficient can be increased by approximately 8.7%. Appropriately reducing the borehole spacing helps to further enhance stability; however, when the spacing is less than 1 meter, the improvement in slope stability is limited. These findings provide a theoretical basis and engineering guidance for optimizing slope stability designs under coastal complex geological conditions.
Journal Article
Mycelial traits and GRSP in enhancing soil stability on cold region highway slopes: Comparative effects of three shrub species
In cold regions, the stability of highway slopes is crucial for infrastructure preservation, yet it remains highly vulnerable to soil erosion. This study investigated the role of mycelial traits in reinforcing soil aggregate stability by examining three shrub species— Amorpha fruticosa Linn. (AFL), Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (LBT), and Swida alba Opiz. (SAO)—across two slope gradients (30° and 60°) in northeastern China. We measured water-stable aggregates, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) fractions, and mycelial traits. Results showed that AFL exhibited significantly greater aggregate stability than LBT and SAO, with its stability values 23.1–36.9% higher at the steep slope and 8.7–30.4% higher at the gentle slope. Strong correlations (r > 0.90) between EE-GRSP, mycelial traits, and aggregate stability explained up to 95.1% of the variance on gentle slopes, demonstrating a synergistic trait-based mechanism. However, slope gradient altered this coupling: GRSP efficacy diminished under steep slopes, leaving mycelial traits as the dominant driver of soil stability. These findings reveal a slope-dependent reallocation between physical scaffolding and biochemical adhesion, highlighting AFL and its mycelial traits as critical for slope stabilization in cold regions. The study provides a mechanistic basis for selecting shrub species in slope restoration and offers practical insights into erosion control under global change.
Journal Article