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Download corrected item. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/55ee98d1-6731-4bee-81d6-03ce0259c191.s004.cn [^] In the Methods section, in the last paragraph of the subsection \"Virtual chain-tape rugosity\", the in-text reference for Equation 1 is incorrect. Citation: Friedman A, Pizarro O, Williams SB, Johnson-Roberson M (2013) Correction: Multi-Scale Measures of Rugosity, Slope and Aspect from Benthic Stereo Image Reconstructions.

\"This book contains the detailed reflections of its author who has practised and researched in the field for over a half century. It is written in an informal style that makes it an interesting and thought-provoking practitioner guide to landslides and slope problems and their investigation, analysis, and remediation, considering both natural and man-made slopes and earthworks, and without the need for the usual equations and illustrations. Reflections on Slope Stability Engineering is targeted primarily at practitioners working in the investigations of slope instability and the design and construction of treatments of the problem, especially those early in their careers, but the accessible style also suits students who are developing an interest in the subject and even those engineers with only a casual interest in this branch of geotechnics\"-- Provided by publisher.

The failure mechanism of anti-dip layered slopes is essentially different from that of dip layered slopes. Therefore, it is important to investigate the failure mechanism of anti-dip slopes due to excavations. In this study, slope instability induced by mining excavation at the Changshanhao open-pit mine in Neimenggu province, China, was used as a case study. Based on the similarity ratio theory, a physical model was built to investigate the failure mechanism of the anti-dip layered slope under excavation. The physical model was monitored by various monitoring equipment including static strain data acquisition equipment, infrared thermal camera, and digital speckle displacement field measurement equipment. The evolution characteristics of the multi-physics fields including displacement field, strain field and temperature field of the physical model during the excavation were comprehensively obtained. According to the deformation characteristics of the anti-dip layered slope during excavation test, the failure mechanism can be divided into four stages: initial compression stage, crack generation stage, crack propagation stage and formation of sliding surface stage. The deformation characteristics of the slope at each stage were analyzed and compared with those of the anti-dip slope in the field. The comparison verified the rationality and accuracy of the physical model experiment, and provided a deeper understanding of the failure mechanism of anti-dip layered slope under excavation through the comprehensive monitoring data. The results of this work can be used as a reference for the follow-up reinforcement and treatment of similar anti-dip layered slopes.

During the highway construction along the Yangtze River in Anhui, China from 2015 to 2018, regional slope failures occurred frequently near the routes and constituted significant hazards to infrastructures. Especially from June to September in 2016 and 2017, the high-temperature weather and intensive rainfall hit this region, triggering a lot of slope failures. These slope failures have two puzzling features: (1) low height (2.5–5 m) or gentle dip angles (8–25°). Such height and dips are unlikely to fail in theory; (2) slope failure emerged immediately during rainfall, while the slope materials consist of clay soil with extremely low permeability. Field investigations, laboratory tests, and a large-scale slope model test were conducted to investigate the failure modes and mechanism of the slope failures. The results show (1) low steep slopes generally show failure modes of surface erosion, or repeated local failures around the slope shoulder, while the gentle slopes often display failure modes of overall failure or even landslides; (2) the slope material mainly contains clay mineral of illite and displays strong shrinkage ability, which is prone to forming desiccation cracks during drying evaporation. Desiccation cracks can significantly improve the infiltration capacity of soils with three or four orders of magnitude. Shear strength of the soil is sensitive to water and decreases sharply with the increased water content; (3) the large-scale slope model test confirms that desiccation cracks can induce slope failure by providing preferential flow pathways for rainwater to rapidly infiltrate into deep soils. Based on the above results, the difference of failure modes and scales between the steep slope and gentle slope is interpreted. It is inferred that desiccation cracks are difficult to develop stably and constantly on the inclined surface of steep slopes due to the intense surface runoff. Thus, surface erosion and shallow flow-slip dominate the failure modes of the low steep slopes. Conversely, a gentle slope surface is favorable for the development of desiccation cracks. Hence, overall slope instability or a landslide is more likely to occur in a gentle slope after long periods of drying-wetting cycles.

The Antarctic Slope Current is guided by the topographic gradient of the Antarctic continental slope and creates a dynamical barrier between the continental shelf and the open ocean. The current's vertical structure varies around the continent affecting cross‐slope water mass exchange with consequences for Antarctic mass loss, ventilation of the deep ocean, and carbon uptake. The Antarctic Slope Current is surface‐intensified in many regions but bottom‐intensified in regions of dense overflows. This study investigates the role of dense overflows in modifying the dynamics of the bottom‐intensified flow using a 0.1° global ocean‐sea ice model. The occurrence of bottom‐intensification is tightly linked with dense overflows and bottom speeds correlate with dense overflows on interannual time scales. A lack of vertical connectivity between the bottom and surface flow, however, suggests that the along‐slope bottom water flows are coincidentally co‐located with the Antarctic Slope Current, rather than dynamically a part of the current. Plain Language Summary The Antarctic Slope Current is a narrow ocean current that travels around Antarctica following the continental slope. It separates the shallow and cold continental shelf from much warmer waters in the open ocean. Intrusions of the relatively warm water across the continental slope impacts melting of Antarctic ice shelves and global sea level rise. Understanding what controls the strength and variability of the Antarctic Slope Current is therefore important. The Antarctic Slope Current usually has the largest velocities near the surface, but there are regions where there is also a strong bottom flow. We use a coupled ocean‐sea ice model and show that the bottom flow is controlled by the export of very dense shelf water that flows down the continental slope in a few locations around the continent. However, the bottom and surface flow does not vary together on interannual time scales which tells us that the two components of the Antarctic Slope Current are largely independent. The result is important as the formation of dense shelf water is expected to reduce in the future which will impact the deep flow, but not the surface component. Key Points Simulations reveal a close spatial relationship between the bottom‐intensified Antarctic Slope Current and Dense Shelf Water export Interannual variability of Dense Shelf Water is reflected in the bottom speed of the bottom‐intensified Antarctic Slope Current The surface component varies independently from the bottom‐intensified flow implying two distinct, co‐located currents

The structure of the Antarctic Slope Current at the continental shelf is crucial in governing the poleward transport of warm water. Canyons on the continental slope may provide a pathway for warm water to cross the slope current and intrude onto the continental shelf underneath ice shelves, which can increase rates of ice shelf melting, leading to reduced buttressing of ice shelves, accelerating glacial flow and hence increased sea level rise. Observations and modeling studies of the Antarctic Slope Current and cross-shelf warm water intrusions are limited, particularly in the East Antarctica region. To explore this topic, an idealized configuration of the Antarctic Slope Current is developed, using an eddy-resolving isopycnal model that emulates the dynamics and topography of the East Antarctic sector. Warm water intrusions via canyons are found to occur in discrete episodes of large onshore flow induced by eddies, even in the absence of any temporal variability in external forcings, demonstrating the intrinsic nature of these intrusions to the slope current system. Canyon width is found to play a key role in modulating cross-shelf exchanges; warm water transport through narrower canyons is more irregular than transport through wider canyons. The intrinsically episodic cross-shelf transport is found to be driven by feedbacks between wind energy input and eddy generation in the Antarctic Slope Current. Improved understanding of the intrinsic variability of warm water intrusions can help guide future observational and modeling studies in the analysis of eddy impacts on Antarctic shelf circulation.

In cold regions, the stability of highway slopes is crucial for infrastructure preservation, yet it remains highly vulnerable to soil erosion. This study investigated the role of mycelial traits in reinforcing soil aggregate stability by examining three shrub species— Amorpha fruticosa Linn. (AFL), Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (LBT), and Swida alba Opiz. (SAO)—across two slope gradients (30° and 60°) in northeastern China. We measured water-stable aggregates, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) fractions, and mycelial traits. Results showed that AFL exhibited significantly greater aggregate stability than LBT and SAO, with its stability values 23.1–36.9% higher at the steep slope and 8.7–30.4% higher at the gentle slope. Strong correlations (r > 0.90) between EE-GRSP, mycelial traits, and aggregate stability explained up to 95.1% of the variance on gentle slopes, demonstrating a synergistic trait-based mechanism. However, slope gradient altered this coupling: GRSP efficacy diminished under steep slopes, leaving mycelial traits as the dominant driver of soil stability. These findings reveal a slope-dependent reallocation between physical scaffolding and biochemical adhesion, highlighting AFL and its mycelial traits as critical for slope stabilization in cold regions. The study provides a mechanistic basis for selecting shrub species in slope restoration and offers practical insights into erosion control under global change.

Slope–velocity equilibrium is hypothesized as a state that evolves naturally over time due to the interaction between overland flow and surface morphology, wherein steeper areas develop a relative increase in physical and hydraulic roughness such that flow velocity is a unique function of overland flow rate independent of slope gradient. This study tests this hypothesis under controlled conditions. Artificial rainfall was applied to 2 m by 6 m plots at 5, 12, and 20 % slope gradients. A series of simulations were made with two replications for each treatment with measurements of runoff rate, velocity, rock cover, and surface roughness. Velocities measured at the end of each experiment were a unique function of discharge rates, independent of slope gradient or rainfall intensity. Physical surface roughness was greater at steeper slopes. The data clearly showed that there was no unique hydraulic coefficient for a given slope, surface condition, or rainfall rate, with hydraulic roughness greater at steeper slopes and lower intensities. This study supports the hypothesis of slope–velocity equilibrium, implying that use of hydraulic equations, such as Chezy and Manning, in hillslope-scale runoff models is problematic because the coefficients vary with both slope and rainfall intensity.