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"Smartwatches Design."
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Research on the design of smartwatch health information visualization presentation under different motion scenarios
Investigating how to adapt smartwatches to meet the distinct needs of users across various motion scenarios, while optimizing visual presentation design to enhance user experience, is an area that deserves thorough exploration. Three experiments were conducted to assess the impact of form, animation, and color on visual presentation. A total of 45 participants took part in each experiment and were divided into three groups. Experiment 1 examined the effect of presentation form using a two-factor mixed design: 2 (presentation form: text, charts, graphs) × 3 (motion scenarios: static, Low-intensity movement, High-intensity movement). Experiment 2 focused on the influence of presentation animation with a two-factor mixed design: 3 (presentation animation: no animation, gradual appearance, geometric morphing) × 3 (motion scenarios: static, Low-intensity movement, High-intensity movement). Experiment 3 investigated the impact of color mode using a two-factor mixed design: 2 (color mode: dark mode, light mode) × 3 (motion scenarios: static, Low-intensity movement, High-intensity movement). Presentation form significantly impacted both cognitive performance and subjective perception, with text being outperformed by charts and graphs. Presentation animation had a notable effect on cognitive performance, with non-animated presentations yielding higher performance scores compared to animations. However, in terms of subjective perception, animated presentations were preferred over non-animated ones. Finally, color mode significantly influenced subjective perception, with dark mode receiving more favorable ratings than light mode. Charts and graphs as a presentation form outperform text in both efficiency and user preference. In terms of information acquisition, non-animated presentations are more efficient than animated ones, although animations score higher in user preference. Additionally, dark mode is more positively evaluated by users compared to light mode.
Journal Article
The Study and Design of Collaboration Tools for Flight Attendants
Collaboration is a core component of work activities amongst flight attendants. This is as they work to promote onboard safety and deliver a high level of customer service. Yet we know little of how flight attendants collaborate and how we can best design technology to support this collaboration. Through an interview study with flight attendants, the authors explored their collaborative practices and processes and how technology aided such practices. While technologies like interphones and flight attendant call buttons act as collaboration tools, they identified instances where the usability and functionality of these devices were barriers for maintaining efficient communication, situation awareness, and information exchange. The authors used these results to identify design suggestions for technology that can enhance communication and collaboration in aircraft settings amongst flight attendants. To illustrate these design suggestions, they designed and developed Smart Crew, a smartwatch application that allows flight attendants to maintain an awareness of each other and communicate through messaging with haptic feedback. Smart Crew is designed with an emphasis on real time information access, location updates and direct communication between flight attendants regardless of their location on the airplane.
Journal Article
A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation
Advancement in smartwatch sensors and connectivity features demands low latency communication with a wide bandwidth. ISM bands below 6 GHz are reaching a threshold. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is the solution for future smartwatch applications. Therefore, a compact dual-band antenna operating at 25.5 and 38 GHz is presented here. The characteristics mode theory (CMT) aids the antenna design process by exciting Mode 1 and 2 as well as Mode 1–3 at their respective bands. In addition, the antenna structure generates two traverse modes, TM10 and TM02, at the lower and higher frequency bands. The antenna measured a bandwidth (BW) of 1.5 (25–26.5 GHz) and 2.5 GHz (37–39.5 GHz) with a maximum gain of 7.4 and 7.3 dBi, respectively. The antenna performance within the watch case (stainless steel) showed a stable |S11| with a gain improvement of 9.9 and 10.9 dBi and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.063 and 0.0206 W/kg, respectively, at the lower and higher bands. The link budget analysis for various rotation angles of the watch indicated that, for a link margin of 20 dB, the antenna can transmit/receive 1 Gbps of data. However, significant fading was noticed at certain angles due to the shadowing effect caused by the watch case itself. Nonetheless, the antenna has a workable bandwidth, a high gain, and a low SAR, making it suitable for smartwatch and IoT applications.
Journal Article
Continuous Fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Braided Coaxial Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors with Improved Performance
HighlightsTi3C2Tx MXene-based coaxial zinc-ion hybrid fiber supercapacitors (FSCs) were fabricated with braided structure, which can be prepared continuously and present excellent flexibility and ultrastability.A sports watch driven by the watch belts which weaved uses the obtained zinc-ion hybrid FSC and LED arrays lighted by the FSCs under embedding into textiles, demonstrating the great potential application in smart wearable textiles.Zinc-ion hybrid fiber supercapacitors (FSCs) are promising energy storages for wearable electronics owing to their high energy density, good flexibility, and weavability. However, it is still a critical challenge to optimize the structure of the designed FSC to improve energy density and realize the continuous fabrication of super-long FSCs. Herein, we propose a braided coaxial zinc-ion hybrid FSC with several meters of Ti3C2Tx MXene cathode as core electrodes, and shell zinc fiber anode was braided on the surface of the Ti3C2Tx MXene fibers across the solid electrolytes. According to the simulated results using ANSYS Maxwell software, the braided structures revealed a higher capacitance compared to the spring-like structures. The resulting FSCs exhibited a high areal capacitance of 214 mF cm–2, the energy density of 42.8 μWh cm−2 at 5 mV s−1, and excellent cycling stability with 83.58% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. The coaxial FSC was tied several kinds of knots, proving a shape-controllable fiber energy storage. Furthermore, the knitted FSC showed superior stability and weavability, which can be woven into watch belts or embedded into textiles to power smart watches and LED arrays for a few days.
Journal Article
USING PLEASURABILITY TO COMPARE WRISTWATCHES AND IOT SMARTWATCHES: PROVIDING NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO UX DESIGN
The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought more challenges for designers to fully understand networked objects and develop pleasurable user experiences (UXs). Due to the radical change of products when they are connected, traditional experience design theories may not be applicable in this new context. Based on two well-established UX design theories, this paper presents a survey study that investigated the pleasurability of IoT devices by comparing a representative IoT device (i.e., the smartwatch) and its conventional form (i.e., the wristwatch). An online questionnaire was deployed to gather feedback from parallel wristwatch and smartwatch users. Their experiences using both types of watches were quantitatively and qualitatively compared by data analysis. The results highlighted the differences in UXs between smartwatches and wristwatches in three types of pleasure and five psychological needs. The study revealed design opportunities to improve the pleasurability of smartwatches and provides novel design insights informing the development of pleasurable UXs for future IoT devices.
Journal Article
Rationale and design of a large population study to validate software for the assessment of atrial fibrillation from data acquired by a consumer tracker or smartwatch: The Fitbit heart study
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Early detection of atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF) may enable prevention of downstream morbidity. Consumer wrist-worn wearable technology is capable of detecting AF by identifying irregular pulse waveforms using photoplethysmography (PPG). The validity of PPG-based software algorithms for AF detection requires prospective assessment.
The Fitbit Heart Study (NCT04380415) is a single-arm remote clinical trial examining the validity of a novel PPG-based software algorithm for detecting AF. The proprietary Fitbit algorithm examines pulse waveform intervals during analyzable periods in which participants are sufficiently stationary. Fitbit consumers with compatible wrist-worn trackers or smartwatches were invited to participate. Enrollment began May 6, 2020 and as of October 1, 2020, 455,699 participants enrolled. Participants in whom an irregular heart rhythm was detected were invited to attend a telehealth visit and eligible participants were then mailed a one-week single lead electrocardiographic (ECG) patch monitor. The primary study objective is to assess the positive predictive value of an irregular heart rhythm detection for AF during the ECG patch monitor period. Additional objectives will examine the validity of irregular pulse tachograms during subsequent heart rhythm detections, self-reported AF diagnoses and treatments, and relations between irregular heart rhythm detections and AF episode duration and time spent in AF.
The Fitbit Heart Study is a large-scale remote clinical trial comprising a unique software algorithm for detection of AF. The study results will provide critical insights into the use of consumer wearable technology for AF detection, and for characterizing the nature of AF episodes detected using consumer-based PPG technology.
Journal Article
Exploring gesture generation for smartwatches: is user elicitation enough?
Gestures are a preferred mode of interaction for smartwatches and these are commonly elicited either by expert/designers or by users. This paper aims to understand the most promising approach for generating and assessing gestures by employing two empirical studies to validate a set of expert/designer-generated gestures. It further gains insights into the users' mental models, their role as co-creators, and their considerations for one-handed gestures in smartwatches, and discusses the virtue of incorporating both approaches of gesture elicitation.
Journal Article
Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare: Current Trends, Applications, and Future Perspectives
Wearable biosensors are a fast-evolving topic at the intersection of healthcare, technology, and personalized medicine. These sensors, which are frequently integrated into clothes and accessories or directly applied to the skin, provide continuous, real-time monitoring of physiological and biochemical parameters such as heart rate, glucose levels, and hydration status. Recent breakthroughs in downsizing, materials science, and wireless communication have greatly improved the functionality, comfort, and accessibility of wearable biosensors. This review examines the present status of wearable biosensor technology, with an emphasis on advances in sensor design, fabrication techniques, and data analysis algorithms. We analyze diverse applications in clinical diagnostics, chronic illness management, and fitness tracking, emphasizing their capacity to transform health monitoring and facilitate early disease diagnosis. Additionally, this review seeks to shed light on the future of wearable biosensors in healthcare and wellness by summarizing existing trends and new advancements.
Journal Article
Assessing the Influence of Physical Activity Upon the Experience Sampling Response Rate on Wrist-Worn Devices
The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) is gaining ground for collecting self-reported data from human participants during daily routines. An important methodological challenge is to sustain sufficient response rates, especially when studies last longer than a few days. An obvious strategy is to deliver the experiential questions on a device that study participants can access easily at different times and contexts (e.g., a smartwatch). However, responses may still be hampered if the prompts are delivered at an inconvenient moment. Advances in context sensing create new opportunities for improving the timing of ESM prompts. Specifically, we explore how physiological sensing on commodity-level smartwatches can be utilized in triggering ESM prompts. We have created Experiencer, a novel ESM smartwatch platform that allows studying different prompting strategies. We ran a controlled experiment (N=71) on Experiencer to study the strengths and weaknesses of two sampling regimes. One group (N=34) received incoming notifications while resting (e.g., sedentary), and another group (N=37) received similar notifications while being active (e.g., running). We hypothesized that response rates would be higher when experiential questions are delivered during lower levels of physical activity. Contrary to our hypothesis, the response rates were found significantly higher in the active group, which demonstrates the relevance of studying dynamic forms of experience sampling that leverage better context-sensitive sampling regimes. Future research will seek to identify more refined strategies for context-sensitive ESM using smartwatches and further develop mechanisms that will enable researchers to easily adapt their prompting strategy to different contextual factors.
Journal Article