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"Smelting"
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History of the manufacture of iron in all ages : and particularly in the United States from colonial times to 1891
A data-rich history of the manufacture and use of iron, from the ancient Egyptian period to late 19th-century America.
Book
Urban mining by flash Joule heating
Precious metal recovery from electronic waste, termed urban mining, is important for a circular economy. Present methods for urban mining, mainly smelting and leaching, suffer from lengthy purification processes and negative environmental impacts. Here, a solvent-free and sustainable process by flash Joule heating is disclosed to recover precious metals and remove hazardous heavy metals in electronic waste within one second. The sample temperature ramps to ~3400 K in milliseconds by the ultrafast electrical thermal process. Such a high temperature enables the evaporative separation of precious metals from the supporting matrices, with the recovery yields >80% for Rh, Pd, Ag, and >60% for Au. The heavy metals in electronic waste, some of which are highly toxic including Cr, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb, are also removed, leaving a final waste with minimal metal content, acceptable even for agriculture soil levels. Urban mining by flash Joule heating would be 80× to 500× less energy consumptive than using traditional smelting furnaces for metal-component recovery and more environmentally friendly.
Precious metals recovery from electronics wastes, termed urban mining, is significant for a circular economy. Here, the authors reported a solvent-free and ultrafast process based on flash Joule heating to recover precious metals and remove toxic heavy metals in electronic wastes.
Journal Article
Two Types of Iron Smelting Furnaces in Ancient Mongolia
We excavated the Iron smelting furnaces, belonging to the Xiongnu Age (209BCE-155CE), in Mongolia. These furnaces can be divided into three types by structures. By the stratigraphic research and the radioactive carbon dating of charcoal, the transition from Type 3 to Type1 occurred from late BC1c. to around the beginning of AD1c.
Journal Article
Research Progress on Heavy Metals Pollution in the Soil of Smelting Sites in China
Contamination by heavy metals is a significant issue worldwide. In recent decades, soil heavy metals pollutants in China had adverse impacts on soil quality and threatened food security and human health. Anthropogenic inputs mainly generate heavy metal contamination in China. In this review, the approaches were used in these investigations, focusing on geochemical strategies and metal isotope methods, particularly useful for determining the pathway of mining and smelting derived pollution in the soil. Our findings indicate that heavy metal distribution substantially impacts topsoils around mining and smelting sites, which release massive amounts of heavy metals into the environment. Furthermore, heavy metal contamination and related hazards posed by Pb, Cd, As, and Hg are more severe to plants, soil organisms, and humans. It’s worth observing that kids are particularly vulnerable to Pb toxicity. And this review also provides novel approaches to control and reduce the impacts of heavy metal pollution. Hydrometallurgy offers a potential method for extracting metals and removing potentially harmful heavy metals from waste to reduce pollution. However, environmentally friendly remediation of contaminated sites is a significant challenge. This paper also evaluates current technological advancements in the remediation of polluted soil, such as stabilization/solidification, natural attenuation, electrokinetic remediation, soil washing, and phytoremediation. The ability of biological approaches, especially phytoremediation, is cost-effective and favorable to the environment.
Journal Article
Modeling and development of technology for smelting a complex alloy (ligature) Fe-Si-Mn-Al from manganese-containing briquettes and high-ash coals
Investigation of the possibility of obtaining a complex master alloy used in the deoxidation of steel, smelted from substandard manganese-containing materials, briquettes, and high-ash coals in ore-thermal electric furnaces. Thermodynamic modeling was carried out using the HSC Chemistry software package to determine the optimal process parameters using a second-order rotatable plan (Box-Hunter plan). Thermodynamic modeling improves the understanding of physical and chemical processes, allows making predictions about the behavior of the system under various conditions, optimizing processes and saving time and resources necessary for experiments. Electric smelting of the briquette was carried out with coal and quartzite (to adjust the chemical composition and neutralize residual carbon) in an ore-thermal electric furnace with a power of up to 150 kV*A. The influence of temperature on the equilibrium distribution of silicon, manganese, and aluminum in the «briquette-coal-quartzite» system, the degree of transition of silicon and manganese into a complex ligature and the content of these metals in the alloy are determined by the method of thermodynamic modeling. As a result of experiments on ore-thermal electric smelting of a briquette with high-ash coal, a complex ligature was obtained with an average content of 45.92–53.11% silicon, 27.72–34.81% manganese and 5.60–6.91% aluminum.
Journal Article
Study of the Influence of the Thermal Capacity of the Lining of Acid Melting Furnaces on Their Efficiency
First of all, the smelting equipment is the most important component of a foundry’s main production process and therefore requires constant reproduction. This is ensured by timely and high-quality maintenance and repair, the cost of which is 8–12% of the total costs. The technical and economic conditions of the enterprise itself depend on this, as the productivity of workers during production is directly related to the technical condition of the equipment and its downtime for repairs. An important factor in ensuring a melting furnace’s reproduction is a replacement of the worn lining, which leads to downtime of the smelting furnace and reduces the efficiency of its operation. The amount of torque required depends directly on the compound used. The quality of the manufacturing and sintering process of the lining, which provides the necessary durability, is affected by the heat capacity of the materials used when they are affected by the melting temperature of the alloys. In the present work, using the BRUKER D8 ADVANCE diffractometer, the Shimadzu XRF-1800 spectrometer and the STA 449 F1 Jupiter synchronous thermal analyzer, we probed the changes in the heat capacity of quartzite and PKMVI-3 under the action of temperatures of 200–1550 °C. This technology allows the manufacture of a lining that maintains high stability during operations at 1550–1600 °C melting modes.
Journal Article
Effect of Composition and Temperature on the Viscosity and Electrical Conductivity of Ferronickel Slags
The electrical behavior of the electric smelting furnace (ESF) in ferronickel production is primarily governed by slag conductivity, which is closely linked to ionic mobility. This study examines the relationship between slag viscosity and electrical conductivity through experimental measurements and thermodynamic modeling. The viscosity and conductivity of actual ferronickel slags were measured, and synthetic slags with similar compositions were analyzed to isolate the effects of individual oxides. Results show that viscosity decreases with increasing basicity and FeO content, while solid-phase formation at lower temperatures sharply increases viscosity. Electrical conductivity rises with temperature due to reduced viscosity and enhanced ionic transport, and increases markedly up to 17 wt.% FeO owing to higher Fe ion concentrations and partial electronic conduction. Actual ferronickel slags exhibited slightly higher conductivity than synthetic ones, likely due to minor oxides such as NiO. These findings provide insight into the coupled thermophysical and electrical behavior of ferronickel slags, offering guidance for optimizing ESF efficiency and operation.
Journal Article
Debunking Deterministic Narratives of Technological Development Through Experimentation: A Critical Review of the Prehistory of Tin Bronze Alloying
The currently accepted narrative on the prehistory of bronze alloying technology follows deterministic, outdated assumptions of technological progression that ignore the role of contextual and performance factors in the decision-making processes, thus neglecting human agency. In essence, it is expected that newer techniques were overarchingly more advanced than older ones and hence replaced them. The validity of this narrative should be challenged and revised. A critical analysis of worldwide literature exposed that, contrary to predictions of the accepted theory, (1) the oldest alloying techniques persisted for centuries after newer ones were invented, and (2) several techniques usually coexisted in the same contexts. We hypothesised that these counterintuitive findings could be explained by differences in performance between techniques, (dis)advantageous at different settings. To obtain empirical information on the performance of techniques and test for behaviourally relevant performance differences between them, a series of alloying experiments were conducted. The results show that all techniques can produce objects of broadly equivalent quality while offering different trade-offs during production. Therefore, every technique—or a combination—can be advantageous under certain conditions, and there are no grounds to support a linear trajectory of substitution. These results debunk the traditional narrative and predict that co-smelting and cementation techniques were more frequently practiced in the past than hitherto assumed. Our propositions prompt a readjustment of explanatory models of bronze production organisation, trade, and consumption while opening unexplored research paths for archaeology and the history of technology.
Journal Article