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Carlos gets the sneezes
\"The class travels inside Carlos' nose after he develops a mysterious illness.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Stimulus conditions eliciting sneezing in response to bright light
The photic sneeze reflex (PSR) is an involuntary sneezing response to bright light exposure, affecting approximately 25% of the population. Despite its long history in scientific literature, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Several theories, including optic-trigeminal summation, parasympathetic hypersensitivity, and parasympathetic generalization, have been proposed, but none have been conclusively validated. Reproducing the PSR reliably in a laboratory setting is crucial for understanding its neural underpinnings, yet the specific light parameters that trigger PSR are not well-defined. This mini-review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the light stimulus parameters (intensity, spectral composition, wavelength, duration, timing, spatial configuration) that elicit the PSR. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Google Books, and Google, employing terms related to photic sneezing in multiple languages. Articles from 2020 to 2024 were screened, resulting in 167 records, with seven studies focusing on stimulus parameters included in this review. The reviewed studies, including four case reports and three laboratory experiments, consistently support that bright light can induce sneezing in susceptible individuals. However, there is significant variability in the methodologies and outcomes, limiting comparability and indicating a need for systematic investigation. No study has yet examined the parametric relationship between light parameters and the PSR. The heterogeneity of methods and findings in the existing literature highlights the lack of standardized research on the specific light parameters that trigger the PSR. This review underscores the need for controlled experiments to clarify these relationships and improve our understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. Existing research on photic sneezing stimulus parameters is fragmented and lacks systematic approaches. Future studies should focus on standardized, parametric investigations to elucidate the light-sensitive mechanisms of the PSR.
Journal Article
Airflow Dynamics of Human Jets: Sneezing and Breathing - Potential Sources of Infectious Aerosols
Natural human exhalation flows such as coughing, sneezing and breathing can be considered as 'jet-like' airflows in the sense that they are produced from a single source in a single exhalation effort, with a relatively symmetrical, conical geometry. Although coughing and sneezing have garnered much attention as potential, explosive sources of infectious aerosols, these are relatively rare events during daily life, whereas breathing is necessary for life and is performed continuously. Real-time shadowgraph imaging was used to visualise and capture high-speed images of healthy volunteers sneezing and breathing (through the nose - nasally, and through the mouth - orally). Six volunteers, who were able to respond to the pepper sneeze stimulus, were recruited for the sneezing experiments (2 women: 27.5±6.36 years; 4 men: 29.25±10.53 years). The maximum visible distance over which the sneeze plumes (or puffs) travelled was 0.6 m, the maximum sneeze velocity derived from these measured distances was 4.5 m/s. The maximum 2-dimensional (2-D) area of dissemination of these sneezes was 0.2 m(2). The corresponding derived parameter, the maximum 2-D area expansion rate of these sneezes was 2 m(2)/s. For nasal breathing, the maximum propagation distance and derived velocity were 0.6 m and 1.4 m/s, respectively. The maximum 2-D area of dissemination and derived expansion rate were 0.11 m(2) and 0.16 m(2)/s, respectively. Similarly, for mouth breathing, the maximum propagation distance and derived velocity were 0.8 m and 1.3 m/s, respectively. The maximum 2-D area of dissemination and derived expansion rate were 0.18 m(2) and 0.17 m(2)/s, respectively. Surprisingly, a comparison of the maximum exit velocities of sneezing reported here with those obtained from coughing (published previously) demonstrated that they are relatively similar, and not extremely high. This is in contrast with some earlier estimates of sneeze velocities, and some reasons for this difference are discussed.
Journal Article
Syd Hoff's Danny and the dinosaur : the big sneeze
After a day of playing in the rain, Danny and the dinosaur each catch a cold. How will Danny and the dinosaur both turn a sick day into something fun?
BOOK
Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a range of persistent symptoms impacting everyday functioning, known as post-COVID-19 condition or long COVID. We undertook a retrospective matched cohort study using a UK-based primary care database, Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, to determine symptoms that are associated with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond 12 weeks in non-hospitalized adults and the risk factors associated with developing persistent symptoms. We selected 486,149 adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1,944,580 propensity score-matched adults with no recorded evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Outcomes included 115 individual symptoms, as well as long COVID, defined as a composite outcome of 33 symptoms by the World Health Organization clinical case definition. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for the outcomes. A total of 62 symptoms were significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after 12 weeks. The largest aHRs were for anosmia (aHR 6.49, 95% CI 5.02–8.39), hair loss (3.99, 3.63–4.39), sneezing (2.77, 1.40–5.50), ejaculation difficulty (2.63, 1.61–4.28) and reduced libido (2.36, 1.61–3.47). Among the cohort of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, risk factors for long COVID included female sex, belonging to an ethnic minority, socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, obesity and a wide range of comorbidities. The risk of developing long COVID was also found to be increased along a gradient of decreasing age. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a plethora of symptoms that are associated with a range of sociodemographic and clinical risk factors.
A retrospective analysis of primary care records in the United Kingdom reveals individual symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections, which persisted for 12 weeks or more after infection, as well as risk factors associated with developing long COVID.
Journal Article
Be a good dragon
\"When a dragon catches a cold, setting off fires with its sneezes, a wizard comes to the rescue with a magic potion\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
