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"Social Control, Formal"
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Systems-Based Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Determinants of a Social License to Operate in the Mining Industry
The concept of a “social license to operate” (SLO) was coined in the 1990s and gained popularity as one way in which “social” considerations can be addressed in mineral development decision making. The need for a SLO implies that developers require the widespread approval of local community members for their projects to avoid exposure to potentially costly conflict and business risks. Only a limited amount of scholarship exists on the topic, and there is a need for research that specifically addresses the complex and changeable nature of SLO outcomes. In response to these challenges, this paper advances a novel, systems-based conceptual framework for assessing SLO determinants and outcomes in the mining industry. Two strands of systems theory are specifically highlighted—complex adaptive systems and resilience—and the roles of context, key system variables, emergence, change, uncertainty, feedbacks, cross-scale effects, multiple stable states, thresholds, and resilience are discussed. The framework was developed from the results of a multi-year research project which involved international mining case study investigations, a comprehensive literature review, and interviews conducted with mining stakeholders and observers. The framework can help guide SLO analysis and management efforts, by encouraging users to account for important contextual and complexity-oriented elements present in SLO settings. We apply the framework to a case study in Alaska, USA before discussing its merits and challenges. We also illustrate knowledge gaps associated with applications of complex adaptive systems and resilience theories to the study of SLO dynamics, and discuss opportunities for future research.
Journal Article
Framing the moron
Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900–30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists. This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are used to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.
eBook
The Politics of Autism
In the first book devoted exclusively to the contentious politics of autism, noted political scientist and public policy expert John J.Pitney, Jr., explains how autism has evolved into a heated political issue disputed by scientists, educators, social workers, and families.
eBook
Atributos de Liderazgo Policíal
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los atributos del liderazgo policial y sus relaciones, asociados a las dimensiones del ser, saber, saber hacer y saber estar del funcionario de policía. El diseño metodológico utilizado es de tipo mixto. El estudio empírico se realizó con una ejecución secuencial. Primero, se recolectaron y analizaron datos cualitativos que luego soportaron la recolección e interpretación de datos cuantitativos. El método de recolección de datos es de carácter exploratorio secuencial (DEXPLOS) con una modalidad derivativa, ya que se construyó una fundamentación teórico-conceptual, y se obtuvieron datos cualitativos mediante la técnica de grupos de discusión (primer instrumento) y, a su vez, datos cuantitativos a través de una encuesta de clima institucional (segundo instrumento), con el propósito de garantizar una muestra representativa para la validación de los atributos. Los resultados obtenidos identifican mediante la técnica grupos de discusión y, posterior validación con la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales que, los atributos -honor policial, vocación de servicio, credibilidad y confianza, adaptabilidad y flexibilidad, visión e innovación- son esenciales e indisociables al líder policial.
Journal Article
Innovation, Dual Use, and Security
Recent advances in disciplines such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, and neuropharmacology entail a \"dual-use dilemma\" because they promise benefits for human health and welfare yet pose the risk of misuse for hostile purposes. The emerging field of synthetic genomics, for example, can produce custom DNA molecules for life-saving drugs but also makes possible the creation of deadly viral agents for biological warfare or terrorism. The challenge for policymakers is to prevent the misuse of these new technologies without forgoing their benefits . Innovation, Dual Use, and Security offers a systematic approach for managing the dual-use dilemma. The book presents a \"decision framework\" for assessing the security risks of emerging technologies and fashioning governance strategies to manage those risks. This framework is applied to fourteen contemporary case studies, including synthetic genomics, DNA shuffling and directed evolution, combinatorial chemistry, protein engineering, immunological modulation, and aerosol vaccines. The book also draws useful lessons from two historical cases: the development of the V-series nerve agents in Britain and the use and misuse of LSD by the U.S. Army and the CIA. Innovation, Dual Use, and Security offers a comprehensive, multifaceted introduction to the challenges of governing dual-use technologies in an era of rapid innovation. The book will be of interest to government officials and other practitioners as well as to students and scholars in security studies, science and technology studies, biology, and chemistry.
eBook
Global status report on alcohol and health, 2014
WHO has published several reports in the past on this topic with the last one being published_x000D__x000D_ in 2011 but this report of 2014 has some unique features. First it describes some progress made in_x000D__x000D_ alcohol policy development in WHO member States after endorsement of the Global strategy to_x000D__x000D_ reduce the harmful use of alcohol in 2010. Second this report provides a wealth of information on_x000D__x000D_ alcohol-related indicators for the comprehensive global monitoring framework for the prevention_x000D__x000D_ and control of NCDs adopted by the 66th World Health Assembly. The global monitoring framework_x000D__x000D_ was developed fulfilling the mandate given by the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of_x000D__x000D_ the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and_x000D__x000D_ includes the voluntary target of a 10% relative reduction in harmful use of alcohol by 2025 against_x000D__x000D_ 2010 baseline. And thirdly this report presents an overview of some mechanisms and pathways_x000D__x000D_ which are behind the impact of harmful use of alcohol on public health. _x000D__x000D_ _x000D__x000D_ This report provides a global overview on alcohol consumption in relation to public health (Chapter_x000D__x000D_ 1) as well as information on: the consumption of alcohol in populations (Chapter 2); the health_x000D__x000D_ consequences of alcohol consumption (Chapter 3); and policy responses at national level (Chapter 4). _x000D__x000D_ _x000D__x000D_ The report also contains country profiles for all 193 WHO Member States as well as data tables to_x000D__x000D_ support information provided in chapters 2-4 (Appendices I-III) and a section explaining data sources_x000D__x000D_ and methods used in this report (Appendix IV).
eBook
Exclusions
In the 1930s, the French Third Republic banned naturalized citizens from careers in law and medicine for up to ten years after they had obtained French nationality. In 1940, the Vichy regime permanently expelled all lawyers and doctors born of foreign fathers and imposed a 2 percent quota on Jews in both professions. On the basis of extensive archival research, Julie Fette shows inExclusionsthat doctors and lawyers themselves, despite their claims to embody republican virtues, persuaded the French state to enact this exclusionary legislation. At the crossroads of knowledge and power, lawyers and doctors had long been dominant forces in French society: they ran hospitals and courts, doubled as university professors, held posts in parliament and government, and administered justice and public health for the nation. Their social and political influence was crucial in spreading xenophobic attitudes and rendering them more socially acceptable in France.
Fette traces the origins of this professional protectionism to the late nineteenth century, when the democratization of higher education sparked efforts by doctors and lawyers to close ranks against women and the lower classes in addition to foreigners. The legislatively imposed delays on the right to practice law and medicine remained in force until the 1970s, and only in 1997 did French lawyers and doctors formally recognize their complicity in the anti-Semitic policies of the Vichy regime. Fette's book is a powerful contribution to the argument that French public opinion favored exclusionary measures in the last years of the Third Republic and during the Holocaust.
eBook
The practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine
The development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies in medicine is advancing rapidly, but real-world clinical implementation has not yet become a reality. Here we review some of the key practical issues surrounding the implementation of AI into existing clinical workflows, including data sharing and privacy, transparency of algorithms, data standardization, and interoperability across multiple platforms, and concern for patient safety. We summarize the current regulatory environment in the United States and highlight comparisons with other regions in the world, notably Europe and China.
To bring the full potential of AI to the clinic, practical and regulatory changes need to be made in health systems globally.
Journal Article