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"Social Dominance"
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With shuddering fall : a novel
Written when Joyce Carol Oates was in her early twenties, and first published in 1964, With Shuddering Fall is her debut novel. It tells the story story of two lovers who discover themselves mortal enemies and explores the struggle for dominance in erotic relationships, as well as the perils of patriarchal inheritance and the ripple-effects of emotional loss in adolescence.
Book
Preferences for group dominance track and mediate the effects of macro-level social inequality and violence across societies
Whether and how societal structures shape individual psychology is a foundational question of the social sciences. Combining insights from evolutionary biology, economy, and the political and psychological sciences, we identify a central psychological process that functions to sustain group-based hierarchies in human societies. In study 1, we demonstrate that macrolevel structural inequality, impaired population outcomes, socio-political instability, and the risk of violence are reflected in the endorsement of group hegemony at the aggregate population level across 27 countries (n = 41,824): The greater the national inequality, the greater is the endorsement of between-group hierarchy within the population. Using multilevel analyses in study 2, we demonstrate that these psychological group-dominance motives mediate the effects of macrolevel functioning on individual-level attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, across 30 US states (n = 4,613), macrolevel inequality and violence were associated with greater individual-level support of group hegemony. Crucially, this individual-level support, rather than cultural-societal norms, was in turn uniquely associated with greater racism, sexism, welfare opposition, and even willingness to enforce group hegemony violently by participating in ethnic persecution of subordinate out-groups. These findings suggest that societal inequality is reflected in people’s minds as dominance motives that underpin ideologies and actions that ultimately sustain group-based hierarchy.
Journal Article
Climate and authoritarianism in two global powers: exploring right-wing and left-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and climate concern and activism in the USA and India
Climate beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are strongly associated with ideological factors, often rendering climate mitigation contentious and difficult. Evidence shows that some of the most powerful ideological factors are Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). However, this large body of research has some limitations. First, it tends to focus on Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) countries and rarely has a cross-cultural dimension. Second, it tends to neglect the relationship between the left-wing counterpart of RWA, Left-Wing Authoritarianism (LWA), and climate-related outcome variables, even though both evidence and theory suggest that the relationship might be significant and opposed to the relationship between RWA and these outcome variables. The present study (
N
= 2206) sought to take a step toward addressing these limitations by studying the relationships between climate concern and activism and RWA, SDO, and LWA in India (
n
= 1104) and the USA (
n
= 1102). While RWA was negatively associated with climate concern and activism in the USA, it was positively associated with climate concern and activism in India. SDO was negatively associated with climate concern in both the USA and India. While SDO was negatively associated with climate activism in the USA, it was positively associated with climate activism in India. LWA was positively associated with climate concern and climate activism in both the USA and India. A discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of these results is provided.
Journal Article
Gendered Cycles of Sexual Objectification: The Roles of Social Dominance Orientation and Perceived Social Mobility
Despite the high prevalence of sexual objectification, the understanding of gender differences in its victimization and perpetration remains limited. We bridged victim and perpetrator perspectives, expecting that objectification victimization positively predicts perpetration, and investigated the mediating role of social dominance orientation (SDO), and gender and perceived social mobility as moderators. Participants (valid
N
= 530) completed measures of sexual objectification victimization, perceived social mobility, SDO, and sexual objectification perpetration. We found that sexual objectification victimization predicted its perpetration, and that this relationship was stronger among men than women. SDO partially mediated the moderation effect of gender, whereby mediation through SDO was significant among men, but not significant among women. Moreover, a three-way interaction between sexual objectification victimization, gender, and perceived social mobility predicted SDO and carried subsequent implications for sexual objectification perpetration. Despite the mediation effect through SDO not achieving significance among women, it was significantly moderated by perceived social mobility. Specifically, the indirect effect among women with high perceived social mobility was significantly different than that among women with low perceived social mobility, but not significantly different than that among men, whose results were not influenced by perceived social mobility. This study provides a more nuanced understanding of gender in sexual objectification—specifically that gender differences may be related to social power and differences in socialization. The findings offer implications for the development of theories and clinical programs for coping with objectification victimization and preventing perpetration.
Journal Article
Attachment and Political Personality are Heritable and Distinct Systems, and Both Share Genetics with Interpersonal Trust and Altruism
The attachment and caregiving domains maintain proximity and care-giving behavior between parents and offspring, in a way that has been argued to shape people’s mental models of how relationships work, resulting in secure, anxious or avoidant interpersonal styles in adulthood. Several theorists have suggested that the attachment system is closely connected to orientations and behaviors in social and political domains, which should be grounded in the same set of familial experiences as are the different attachment styles. We use a sample of Norwegian twins (N = 1987) to assess the genetic and environmental relationship between attachment, trust, altruism, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), and social dominance orientation (SDO). Results indicate no shared environmental overlap between attachment and ideology, nor even between the attachment styles or between the ideological traits, challenging conventional wisdom in developmental, social, and political psychology. Rather, evidence supports two functionally distinct systems, one for navigating intimate relationships (attachment) and one for navigating social hierarchies (RWA/SDO), with genetic overlap between traits within each system, and two distinct genetic linkages to trust and altruism. This is counter-posed to theoretical perspectives that link attachment, ideology, and interpersonal orientations through early relational experiences.
Journal Article
From Social Dominance Orientation to Political Engagement
In three surveys of adults in five nations, we investigated how shared beliefs about the political system motivate individuals’ political engagement. Specifically, we tested whether individuals’ beliefs that the political context is fair, noncorrupt, and their belief that they could influence politics motivates political engagement to a higher extent for higher- compared to lower-status group members. In a novel use of social dominance theory, we theoretically conceived of these political beliefs as legitimizing ideologies, so that we predicted that people with higher social dominance orientation endorse these beliefs, which in turn enhance the motivation to engage in politics to support current social hierarchical systems. Moreover, we expected that these relationships would be stronger for higher- compared to lower-status groups. These hypotheses were tested considering different levels of group status: wealth status within a country (Study 1), political-regional differences within a country (Study 2), and international status (i.e., between countries; Study 3), and they were largely supported.
Journal Article
Role of early environmental enrichment on the social dominance tube test at adulthood in the rat
Rationale
Environmental enrichment (EE) could influence brain plasticity and behavior in rodents. Whether the early EE may predispose individuals to a particular social hierarchy in the social dominance tube test (SDTT) at adulthood is still unknown.
Objective
The present study directly investigated the influence of EE on competitive success in the SDTT among adult rats.
Methods
Male rats were maintained in EE from postnatal days 21 to 35. Social dominance behavior was determined by SDTT, competitive food foraging test, and mate preference test at adulthood. IBA-1 expression in the hypothalamus was examined using immunohistochemistry and western blot.
Results
EE rats were prone to become submissive during a social encounter with standard environment (SE) rats in the SDTT. No difference was found in food foraging in the competitive food foraging test between SE and EE rats. Male EE rats were more attractive than the SE to the female rats in the mate preference test. IBA-1 expression was found to be decreased in the hypothalamus of EE rats compared to SE group. Infusion of a microglia inhibitor reduced percentage of forward in SE rats in the SDTT. Infusion of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor prevented the development of subordinate status in EE rats and restored the expression of IBA-1 in the hypothalamus.
Conclusions
The results suggest that early EE did not lead to reduced social hierarchy in the male rat. However, EE caused a reduction in the percentage of forward in the SDTT, which might be associated with reduced number of microglia in the hypothalamus.
Journal Article
French Validation of the Social Dominance Orientation Scale7 (SDO7) by Ho et al. (2015): A Two-Dimensional Approach to Social Inequality Support
This pre-registered study presents the French-language validation of the Social Domince Orientation scale (SDO7), origilly developed by Ho et al. (2015). The SDO is a key variable in research on intergroup relations. Over the past two decades, a bidimensiol conceptualization has emerged, distinguishing between SDO-Domince (SDO-D) and SDO-Egalitarianism (SDO-E). These subdimensions enhance our understanding of legitimizing myths that sustain social hierarchy. Across three independent samples (N=1121), we found that a four-factor model (SDO-D; SDO-E; Pro-trait; Con-trait) provided the best fit to the data compared to two altertive two-factor models (SDO-D; SDO-E and Pro-trait; Con-trait) and a unidimensiol model (SDO). Additiolly, we examined the predictive validity of the subscales using partial correlations. Results indicate that the subscales differentially predict attitudes and endorsement of ideological beliefs. Specifically, SDO-D is more strongly associated with attitudes and ideologies that directly oppress disadvantaged groups, whereas SDO-E is more closely linked to subtle legitimizing myths that justify social inequalities. Filly, we propose a short version of the scale that retains the same psychometric properties as the full version.
Journal Article
Classical and Modern Prejudice toward Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities: The Role of Experienced Contact, Beliefs in a Just World and Social Dominance Orientation
This study investigates the impact of experienced contact on prejudiced attitudes towards individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs), examining beliefs in a just world (BJW) and social dominance orientation (SDO) as potential serial mediators. Data were collected from 224 university students (M = 23.02, SD = 2.48). Path analysis modelling assessed the structural relationships between the study variables. The findings revealed that experienced contact was negatively and significantly associated with BJW and SDO. Additionally, BJW and SDO fully mediated the relationship between experienced contact and overt prejudice. These findings underscore the influence of individual differences on attitudes towards individuals with ID, establishing a crucial foundation for future research and the development of interventions aimed at reducing prejudice and discrimination.
Journal Article
Analysis of candidate gene expression patterns of adult male Macrobrachium rosenbergii morphotypes in response to a social dominance hierarchy
In this study, we investigated the relative gene expression pattern of 12 candidate genes from giant freshwater prawn (GFP) using hepatopancreas, eyestalk and testis tissues to compare expression profiles among adult male morphotypes [blue claw (BC), orange claw (OC) and small males (SM)] that reflect a social hierarchy. In particular, we focused our analysis on genes documented in other invertebrate taxa that are known to influence (i) inter-male aggressive behaviour, (ii) visual systems and (iii) olfactory genes. Genes examined here were normalised to 18S rRNA as a reference. Differences in gene expression patterns among male morphotypes and tissues were highly significant (P < 0.0001) with higher expression levels in eyestalk tissue compared with testis and hepatopancreas in all morphotypes. This might imply that differences in expression pattern of key candidate genes in the eyestalk can potentially provide cues to directly influence the formation of the male social dominance hierarchy. Expression stabilities of genes were evaluated using the RefFinder analytical tool, which revealed that STRPC-short transient receptor and BDP-beadex dlmo protein showed relatively similar expression levels. LW OPSIN, a visual system gene, appeared to be directly involved in suppression of subordinate male gene expression related to the social dominance hierarchy in male GFP. This finding could potentially be important for developing technologies that allow male morph frequencies to be manipulated at harvest in farmed stocks.
Journal Article