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"Social Norms"
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Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.
Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
Journal Article
Rule makers, rule breakers : how tight and loose cultures wire our world
\"A theory explaining cultural differences between countries and individuals based on the rigidity with which they adhere--or don't--to 'social norms'\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Influence of Social Norms on Consumer Behavior
Social norms shape consumer behavior. However, it is not clear under what circumstances social norms are more versus less effective in doing so. This gap is addressed through an interdisciplinary meta-analysis examining the impact of social norms on consumer behavior across a wide array of contexts involving the purchase, consumption, use, and disposal of products and services, including socially approved (e.g., fruit consumption, donations) and disapproved (e.g., smoking, gambling) behaviors. Drawing from reactance theory and based on a cross-disciplinary data set of 250 effect sizes from research spanning 1978–2019 representing 112,478 respondents from 22 countries, the authors examine the effects of five categories of moderators of the effectiveness of social norms on consumer behavior: (1) target behavior characteristics, (2) communication factors, (3) consumer costs, (4) environmental factors, and (5) methodological characteristics. The findings suggest that while the effect of social norms on approved behavior is stable across time and cultures, their effect on disapproved behavior has grown over time and is stronger in survival and traditional cultures. Communications identifying specific organizations or close group members enhance compliance with social norms, as does the presence of monetary costs. The authors leverage their findings to offer managerial implications and a future research agenda for the field.
Journal Article
The Strength of Social Norms Across Human Groups
Social norms are a defining feature of human psychology, yet our understanding of them is still underdeveloped. In this article, we present our own cross-cultural research program on tightness-looseness (TL)—which draws on field, experimental, computational, and neuroscience methods—to illustrate how going beyond Western borders is critical for understanding social norms’ functions and their multilevel consequences. Cross-cultural research enables us to account for the universal features of norm psychology but also explains the great cultural diversity we see in social norms around the globe.
Journal Article
Antecedents of Environmentally and Socially Responsible Sustainable Consumer Behavior
Responsible sustainable consumer behavior (RSCB) involves a complex pattern of environmental and social issues, in line with the view of sustainability as a construct with both environmental and social pillar. So far, environmental dimension was far more researched than social dimension. In this article, we investigate the antecedents of both environmentally and socially RSCB and willingness to behave in environmentally/socially responsible way. We include measures of concern, perceived consumer control/effectiveness, personal/social norms and ethical ideologies/obligation to better explain and extend the traditional theory of planned behavior. Additionally, we test the impact of information availability about environmental or social impact on RSCB. Our findings on a representative sample of 426 respondents (ages 18 to 65) show that in general, antecedents of environmentally and socially responsible sustainable consumption are similar in their effect on consumer behavior, with personal norms, concern and ethical ideologies having the strongest impact on RSCB. When comparing both types of behavior, socially responsible behavior is more influenced by perceived behavioral control and possibly social norms than environmentally responsible behavior, while information availability plays its role for both behaviors. Sustainable responsible consumption can be achieved by embracing both dimensions of sustainability and consumers need to have a sense for both social and environmental issues. The complexity and struggles between doing what is good for environment and society could be the reason why consumers have difficulties achieving sustainable responsible consumption.
Journal Article
This Is Not Normal
A powerful and poignant translation of Vergil's epic poem,
newly equipped with introduction and notes This is a
substantial revision of Sarah Ruden's celebrated 2008 translation
of Vergil's Aeneid, which was acclaimed by Garry Wills as
\"the first translation since Dryden's that can be read as a great
English poem in itself.\" Ruden's line-for-line translation in
iambic pentameter is an astonishing feat, unique among modern
translations. Her revisions to the translation render the poetry
more spare and muscular than her previous version and capture even
more closely the essence of Vergil's poem, which pits national
destiny against the fates of individuals, and which resonates
deeply in our own time. This distinguished translation, now
equipped with introduction, notes, and glossary by leading Vergil
scholar Susanna Braund, allows modern readers to experience for
themselves the timeless power of Vergil's masterpiece. Praise for
the First Edition: \"Fast, clean, and clear, sometimes terribly
clever, and often strikingly beautiful. . . . Many human
achievements deserve our praise, and this excellent translation is
certainly one of them.\"-Richard Garner, The New Criterion
\"Toning down the magniloquence, Sarah Ruden gives us an
Aeneid more intimate in tone and soberer in measure than
we are used to-a gift for which many will be grateful.\"-J. M.
Coetzee \"An intimate rendering of great emotional force and purity.
. . . The immediacy, beauty, and timelessness of the original Latin
masterpiece lift off these pages with gem-like
originality.\"- Choice
eBook