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This innovative ethnographic study animates the racial politics that underlie genomic research into type 2 diabetes, one of the most widespread chronic diseases and one that affects ethnic groups disproportionately. Michael J. Montoya follows blood donations from \"Mexican-American\" donors to laboratories that are searching out genetic contributions to diabetes. His analysis lays bare the politics and ethics of the research process, addressing the implicit contradiction of undertaking genetic research that reinscribes race's importance even as it is being demonstrated to have little scientific validity. In placing DNA sampling, processing, data set sharing, and carefully crafted science into a broader social context, Making the Mexican Diabetic underscores the implications of geneticizing disease while illuminating the significance of type 2 diabetes research in American life.

This volume is a single up-to-date source on the entire global epidemiology of diseases, injuries and risk factors with a comprehensive statement of methods and a complete presentation of results. It includes refined methods to assess data, ensure epidemiological consistency, and summarize the disease burden. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors examines the comparative importance of diseases, injuries, and risk factors; it incorporates a range of new data sources to develop consistent estimates of incidence, prevalence, severity and duration, and mortality for 136 major diseases and injuries. Drawing from more than 8,500 data sources that include epidemiological studies, disease registers, and notifications systems, Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors incorporates information from more than 10,000 datasets relating to population health and mortality, representing one of the largest syntheses of global information on population health to date.

PurposeMega construction projects (MCPs), which play an important role in the economy, society and environment of a country, have developed rapidly in recent years. However, due to frequent social conflicts caused by the negative social impact of MCPs, social risk control has become a major challenge. Exploring the relationship between social risk factors and social risk from the perspective of risk evolution and identifying key factors contribute to social risk control; but few studies have paid enough attention to this. Therefore, this study aims to systematically analyze the impact of social risk factors on social risk based on a social risk evolution path.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposed a social risk evolution path for MCPs explaining how social risk occurs and develops with the impact of social risk factors. To further analyze the impact quantitatively, a social risk analysis model combining structural equation model (SEM) with Bayesian network (BN) was developed. SEM was used to verify the relationship in the social risk evolution path. BN was applied to identify key social risk factors and predict the probabilities of social risk, quantitatively. The feasibility of the proposed model was verified by the case of water conservancy projects.FindingsThe results show that negative impact on residents’ living standards, public opinion advantage and emergency management ability were key social risk factors through sensitivity analysis. Then, scenario analysis simulated the risk probability results with the impact of different states of these key factors to obtain management strategies.Originality/valueThis study creatively proposes a social risk evolution path describing the dynamic interaction of the social risk and first applies the hybrid SEM–BN method in the social risk analysis for MCPs to explore effective risk control strategies. This study can facilitate the understanding of social risk from the perspective of risk evolution and provide decision-making support for the government coping with social risk in the implementation of MCPs.

The social protection system of Ukraine functions under the conditions of numerous challenges, namely demographic changes; the impact of globalization; changes in the labor market under the influence of digitalization; climate change; macroeconomic crisis caused by wartime. This creates pressure on the functioning of the specified system and requires a comprehensive assessment of its functioning.This paper aims to identify gaps in the functioning of the social protection system of Ukraine and to create recommendations for its further development under modern challenges. It used such tool as a Social Protection System Review (SPSR), which provides instruments for the assessment of a country's social protection system within five dimensions: needs; coverage; effectiveness; sustainability; and coherence. This assessment became a ground for creating recommendations for the development of the social protection system of Ukraine under modern challenges.The assessment of Ukraine's social protection system within five dimensions led to the finding that the level of social risks in Ukraine is rising as indicated by negative tendencies of economic and social indicators; many social programs exist based on the quite difficult legislative basis what decrease level of effectiveness of social protection; social expenditures exceed social receipts, and this does not support the sustainability of Ukraine's social protection system.To develop the social protection system of Ukraine under modern challenges, it is important to make social protection inclusive through the implementation micro micro-social insurance in cooperation with the private insurance sector; to visualize eligibility criteria for social benefits and other conditions for social programs what will make legislative basis of social protection clearer; to optimize number of social protection programs for increasing the level of benefits per vulnerable person; to make stronger the coherence and coordination between social institutions; to increase the social and financial literacy of population aimed at rising of their awareness of financial mechanisms of social protection.

This study presents the Swedish standard version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, COPSOQ III, and investigates its reliability and validity at individual and workplace levels with the aim of establishing benchmarks for the psychosocial work environment. Cross-sectional data from (1) a random sample of employees in Sweden aged 25–65 years (N = 2847) and (2) a convenience sample of non-managerial employees at 51 workplaces (N = 1818) were analysed. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated as well as the effects of sex, work sector and blue/white-collar work. Population benchmarks and mean scores for major occupational groups were computed based on weighted data. ICC(1) and ICC(2) estimates were computed to evaluate aggregation to the workplace level and Pearson inter-correlations to evaluate construct validity at individual and aggregated levels. The reliability and scale characteristics were satisfactory, with few exceptions, at both individual and workplace levels. The strength and direction of correlations supported the construct validity of the dimensions and the amount of variance explained by workplace justified aggregation to the workplace level. The present study thus supports the use of COPSOQ III for measurement at the workplace level and presents benchmarks for risk management as well as for research purposes.

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are a useful approach that allows the public sector to collaborate with private investors in financing, implementing, and operating public sector facilities. Over the past few decades, the occurrence of social risks and the vulnerability of PPP projects to these risks have caused numerous project failures. While practitioners claim to manage the social risks of PPP projects, little effort has been made to explore the proper ways of doing this. In this study, we present a social risk tolerance (SRT) concept and propose a model to quantify the tolerance of PPP projects to social risks. One hundred and twenty-three PPP projects were collected from China for model validation. The results indicate a positive relationship between SRT values and project size and that the SRT has diminishing marginal values. This paper presents a new concept in PPP research and provides an appropriate approach for managing the social risks of PPP projects. The research findings can help both the public and private sectors understand the social risks associated with PPP projects and determine effective countermeasures to control these risks.

Background This study presents an analysis of the reliability and validity of the long version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) in Australia and establishes benchmarks for key dimensions of psychosocial work environment. Methods A random sample was sourced from a panel of 2,446 working Australians aged 18–79. The study establishes population benchmarks for key measures of the psychosocial work environment and employee mental health, and assesses variation by gender, employment status, work sector, professional status, and occupational classification. Validation entailed an assessment of internal consistency reliability of the measures, followed by a preliminary Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to initially examine construct validity of the instrument, and continued with a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to validate the scales. Working population mean scores for the key dimensions of COPSOQ-III were calculated and presented as benchmarks for use in workplace risk assessment and management. Results Except for one measure, the analysis revealed strong reliability coefficients for 31 measures with more than two items (> 0.7). Only one measure for ‘demand for hiding emotions’ with more than two items had a reliability coefficient of 0.663. The EFA unveiled a four-factor structure in psychosocial working conditions, and a two-factor model in factors related to the effects. The CFA involved item-level analysis, leading to the removal of seven items to improve model fit. Conclusion The present study provides a high-level validation of the long version of COPSOQ, and thus supports its use as an instrument for research as well as psychosocial risk assessment and management in Australia.

PurposeWhile memory institutions' use of social media has proliferated, research and scholarly literature on risks, resulting from social media use, memory institutions' social media risk-aware culture and, in particular, social media risk management remains scant. This study addresses this knowledge gap and identifies aspects of social media risk management from other sectors that could inform the cultural heritage sector.Design/methodology/approachThis research involves a review of the scholarly and professional literature that contribute to social media risk management discourses. These include those that discuss the different categories of social media risks, social media policies, risk-aware culture and social media risk management strategies and processes. Works discussing social media risk management models and frameworks are also included in the review. Based on the insights gained from these reviews, a pillar framework to guide social media risk management in memory institutions is developed.FindingsThe proposed framework outlines the baseline components relevant for the cultural heritage sector and underlines the evolving and continual nature of these components. Elements particularly important to memory institutions are highlighted. Notably, that social risks as a risk category must be recognised. Also noted is that the conventional apolitical stance still taken by many memory institutions need to be reviewed. The importance of memory institutions to be not overly risk-averse to the point of failing to take advantage of the affordances of social media platforms, thereby stifling potential innovations around services and engagement with their users/audience is discussed.Originality/valueThis research offers an extensive review of the social media risk management literature, both scholarly and professional across different domains. The ensuing insights inform the development of a pillar framework to guide social media risk management in memory institutions. The framework outlines a baseline mapping of the governance, processes and systems components. The expectation is that this framework could be extended to account for contextual and situational requirements at more granular levels to reflect the nuances, variances and complexities that exist among different types of memory institutions and to account for varying attributes, mandates and priorities in the cultural heritage sector.

[Purpose/Significance] Nowadays, the Internet public opinion environment faces many risks. Studying the formation mechanism and control of the social stability risks of Internet public opinions can effectively play the positive effect of Internet public opinions, prevent the risks and maintain social stability. [Methods/Process] Based on the theory of social combustion, this paper analyzes the social stability risks in the evolution of Internet public opinion from three aspects of combustion substance, combustion supporting agent and ignition temperature, and constructs the formation mechanism model of social stability risks of Internet public opinions. [Results/Conclusions] The control measures, which are based on eliminating combustion materials, controlling combustion aids and reducing ignition temperature, are proposed to provide reference for subsequent research in this field.

AbstractObjectivesExamining the social risks that influence the health of patients accessing emergency care can inform future efforts to improve health outcomes. The optimal modality for screening in the emergency department (ED) has not yet been identified. We conducted a mixed methods evaluation of the impact of screening modality on patient satisfaction with the screening process. MethodsPatients were enrolled at a large urban academic ED and randomized to verbal versus electronic modalities following informed consent. Participants completed a short demographic survey, a brief validated health literacy test, and a social need and risk screening tool. Participants were purposively sampled to complete qualitative interviews balanced across 4 groups defined by health literacy scores (high vs limited) and screening modality. Quantitative outcomes included screening results and satisfaction with the screening process; qualitative questions focused on experience with the screening process, barriers, and facilitators to screening. ResultsOf 554 patients assessed, 236 were randomized (115 verbal, 121 electronic). Participants were 23% Hispanic, 6% non‐Hispanic Black, 58% non‐Hispanic White, 38% publicly insured, and 57% privately insured. Two‐thirds (67%) identified social needs and risks and the majority (81%) reported satisfaction with the screening. Screening modality was not associated with satisfaction with screening process after adjustment for language, health literacy, and social risk (adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.32, 1.71). ConclusionScreening modality was not associated with overall satisfaction with screening process. Future strategies can consider the advantage of multimodal screening options, including the use of electronic tools to streamline screening and expand scalability and sustainability.