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"Social Segregation history."
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Understanding Jim Crow : using racist memorabilia to teach tolerance and promote social justice
\"For many people, especially those who came of age after landmark civil rights legislation was passed, it is difficult to understand what it was like to be an African American living under Jim Crow segregation in the United States. Most young Americans have little or no knowledge about restrictive covenants, literacy tests, poll taxes, lynchings, and other oppressive features of the Jim Crow racial hierarchy. Even those who have some familiarity with the period may initially view racist segregation and injustices as mere relics of a distant, shameful past. A proper understanding of race relations in this country must include a solid knowledge of Jim Crow--how it emerged, what it was like, how it ended, and its impact on the culture. Understanding Jim Crow introduces readers to the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, a collection of more than ten thousand contemptible collectibles that are used to engage visitors in intense and intelligent discussions about race, race relations, and racism. The items are offensive. They were meant to be offensive. The items in the Jim Crow Museum served to dehumanize blacks and legitimized patterns of prejudice, discrimination, and segregation. Using racist objects as teaching tools seems counterintuitive--and, quite frankly, needlessly risky. Many Americans are already apprehensive discussing race relations, especially in settings where their ideas are challenged. The museum and this book exist to help overcome our collective trepidation and reluctance to talk about race. Fully illustrated, and with context provided by the museum's founder and director David Pilgrim, Understanding Jim Crow is both a grisly tour through America's past and an auspicious starting point for racial understanding and healing.\" -- taken from back cover.
Book
Informal Segregation in Health Care Delivery: Historical, Anecdotal, and Objective Evidence
Over the past several decades, our nation has made limited progress toward achieving health equity. One challenge is that health care delivery remains highly segregated by race and ethnicity. Although formal racial segregation officially ended in the 1960s, informal segregation remains widely practiced, accepted, and even justified. I provide historical, anecdotal, and objective data to demonstrate its persistence. I discuss my 40-year journey in segregated health care systems and a brief review of key studies and research on such segregation. I also highlight how despite the ample evidence, pervasive segregation in health care delivery remains an uncomfortable topic that few want to broach or discuss. I note that greater recognition, visibility, and advocacy are needed to address this unfair, unjust, and pervasive practice. I conclude that in the current political climate, being trustworthy and engaging communities in a meaningful way to eliminate disparities means we cannot remain complacent and silent on some of the most deeply rooted challenges to achieving health equity. ( Am J Public Health. 2025;115(S2):S148–S151. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2025.308028 )
Journal Article
Public Health, Racism, and the Lasting Impact of Hospital Segregation
In recent years, a growing number of calls have been made to explicitly name and treat racism as a determinant of health. Mounting evidence support the notion that racism affects health through complex psychosocial, biobehavioral, and structural pathways. As late as the mid-1960s, open segregation infected all organs of the US health care system, including in hospitals. Litigation was a key element of civil rights era efforts to end segregation. The case of Simkins v Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital ultimately proved to be a watershed moment in the quest for segregation. This article describes Simkins, highlights its limitations as a legal document, and acknowledges its historical importance as a legal document that helped pave the way for sweeping legislative and regulatory changes.
Journal Article
The Eighteen of 1918–1919: Black Nurses and the Great Flu Pandemic in the United States
This article examines the role of Black American nurses during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic and the aftermath of World War I. The pandemic caused at least 50 million deaths worldwide and 675 000 in the United States. It occurred during a period of pervasive segregation and racial violence, in which Black Americans were routinely denied access to health, educational, and political institutions. We discuss how an unsuccessful campaign by Black leaders for admission of Black nurses to the Red Cross, the Army Nurse Corps, and the Navy Nurse Corps during World War I eventually created opportunities for 18 Black nurses to serve in the army during the pandemic and the war’s aftermath. Analyzing archival sources, news reports, and published materials, we examine these events in the context of nursing and early civil rights history. This analysis demonstrates that the pandemic incrementally advanced civil rights in the Army Nurse Corps and Red Cross, while providing ephemeral opportunities for Black nurses overall. This case study reframes the response to epidemics and other public health emergencies as potential opportunities to advance health equity.
Journal Article
Leprosy and colonialism : Suriname under Dutch rule, 1750-1950
Leprosy and colonialism investigates the history of leprosy in Suriname within the context of Dutch colonial power and racial conflict, from the plantation economy and the age of slavery to its legacy in the modern colonial state. It explores the relationship between the modern stigmatization and exclusion of people affected with leprosy, and the political tensions and racial fears originating in colonial slave society, exerting their influence until after the decolonization up to the present day. In the book colonial sources are read from shifting perspectives, of the colonial rulers and, 'from below', the ruled. Though leprosy is today a neglected tropical disease, recognizing influences of our colonial heritage in our global management of health and disease, and exploring the perspectives of other cultures are essential in a time in which migration movements make the permeability of boundaries, and transmission of diseases, more common then perhaps ever before.-- Source other than Liibary of congress.
Book
Birds of a Feather: Social Bases of Neighborhood Formation in Newark, New Jersey, 1880
This study examines the bases of residential segregation in a late nineteenth century American city, recognizing the strong tendency toward homophily within neighborhoods. Our primary question is how ethnicity, social class, nativity, and family composition affect where people live. Segregation is usually studied one dimension at a time, but these social differences are interrelated, and thus a multivariate approach is needed to understand their effects. We find that ethnicity is the main basis of local residential sorting, while occupational standing and, to a lesser degree, family life cycle and nativity also are significant. A second concern is the geographic scale of neighborhoods: in this study, the geographic area within which the characteristics of potential neighbors matter in locational outcomes of individuals. Studies of segregation typically use a single spatial scale, often one determined by the availability of administrative data. We take advantage of a unique data set containing the address and geo-referenced location of every resident. We conclude that it is the most local scale that offers the best prediction of people's similarity to their neighbors. Adding information at larger scales minimally improves prediction of the person's location. The 1880 neighborhoods of Newark, New Jersey, were formed as individuals located themselves among similar neighbors on a single street segment.
Journal Article
Roma Housing and Eating in 1775 and 2013: A Comparison
We compared housing and the eating habits of Roma. Contemporary findings (2013) were compared with those from the first monothematic work on Roma (1775), which depicts their housing and eating habits, especially regarding the differences between social classes. Data were obtained from a journal (1775) and from semi-structured interviews (2013) with more than 70 Roma women and men who live in segregated and excluded settlements at the edges of villages or scattered among the majority. Data were collected in two villages and one district town in the Tatra region, where the data from the 1775 measurements originated. We used classical sociological theory to interpret the obtained data. The main findings showed differences between specific social classes then and now regarding housing, as well as the eating habits related to both conditions among the Roma in the Tatra region. The houses of rich Roma families did not differ from the houses of the majority population. The huts of the poorest inhabitants of settlements did not meet any hygiene standards. Typical Roma foods such as gója or marikľa were the traditional foods of Slovak peasants living in poverty in the country. We concluded that the housing and eating habits of the citizens of poor settlements located in the eastern parts of Slovakia are still similar to those of two centuries ago. The existing social exclusion may be explained partly from this finding.
Journal Article