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Media hot & cold
\"In Media Hot and Cold Nicole Starosielski examines the cultural dimensions of temperature to theorize the ways heat and cold can be used as a means of communication, subjugation, and control. Diving into the history of thermal media, from infrared cameras to thermostats to torture sweatboxes, Starosielski explores the many meanings and messages of temperature. During the twentieth century, heat and cold were broadcast through mass thermal media. Today, digital thermal media such as bodily air conditioners offer personalized forms of thermal communication and comfort. Although these new media promise to help mitigate the uneven effects of climate change, Starosielski shows how they can operate as a form of biopower by determining who has the ability to control their own thermal environment. In this way, thermal media can enact thermal violence in ways that reinforce racialized, colonial, gendered, and sexualized hierarchies. By outlining how the control of temperature reveals power relations, Starosielski offers a framework to better understand the dramatic transformations of hot and cold media in the twenty-first century\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Emotion Dysregulation and Conspiracy Beliefs about COVID-19: The Moderating Role of Critical Social Media Use
As COVID-19 has spread worldwide, conspiracy theories have proliferated rapidly on social media platforms, adversely affecting public health. For this reason, media literacy interventions have been highly recommended, although the impact of critical social media use on the development of COVID-19 conspiracy theories has not yet been empirically studied. Moreover, emotional dysregulation may play another crucial role in the development of such theories, as they are often associated with stress, anxiety, lack of control, and other negative emotions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that emotion dysregulation would be positively associated with conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 and that critical use of social media would attenuate this association. Data from 930 Italian participants (339 men and 591 women) were collected online during the third wave of the COVID-19 outbreak. A moderated model was tested using the PROCESS Macro for SPSS. Results showed that: (1) emotion dysregulation and critical social media use accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19; and (2) critical social media use moderated the effect of emotion dysregulation on conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19. Implications for preventing the spread of conspiracy theories are discussed.
Journal Article
Comparative analysis of NAFLD-related health videos on TikTok: a cross-language study in the USA and China
Background
The incidence of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in China and USA is extremely high and rising. TikTok has become a popular channel for medical information dissemination and we aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of NAFLD related videos on TikTok, in both its USA and Chinese versions.
Methods
We analyzed the top 100 NAFLD videos on both the USA version and Chinese version of TikTok, a total of 200 videos, from which keywords were extracted and scored using the Global Quality Scale (GQS), modified DISCERN (mDISCERN), and Medical Quality Video Evaluation Tool (MQ-VET). Exploring the relationship between video quality and audience related factors, as well as ranking, through Spearman correlation analysis.
Results
The mDISCERN scores of videos on the USA version of TikTok is higher than that on the Chinese version (
P
< 0.01), but there is no significant difference in the GQS and MQ-VET scores. The GQS, mDISCERN and MQ-VET scores of videos published by medical practitioners were significantly higher than those of non-medical practitioners (
P
< 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between video quality and popularity indicators.
Conclusion
The quality of NAFLD related short videos on TikTok is acceptable, but the reliability is mediocre, and there is still room for improvement. The videos published by USA medical practitioners are more reliable than those of Chinese medical practitioners. The most concerned topic of both countries is diet. The TikTok recommendation algorithm may limit access to high-quality health videos, and further research on other platforms and languages is necessary.
Journal Article
Rethinking rights in social media governance: human rights, ideology and inequality
This paper aims to question the dominance of human rights as the primary normative framework for European social media regulation, and academic research in this field. Analysing EU legislation and recent ECJ cases, it shows that issues like discriminatory content moderation, profiling, and promotion of stereotypes cannot adequately be addressed within a human rights framework. The centrality of individual rights in the EU legal regime not only fails to address collective issues, like platforms’ influence on culture and social norms, but cannot even offer effective, equal protection to individuals. In policy debates, the depoliticised and individualistic language of human rights can legitimise corporate activities and downplay important questions about the political economy of this privatised, highly-concentrated, advertiser-funded industry. The paper also considers interpretations of human rights as structural conditions or collective values, and argues that they cannot fully overcome the limitations discussed here. Given the entrenched role of fundamental rights in EU law, critics of social media cannot avoid relying on them. However, academics should also seek to develop more explicitly political critiques, based on alternative normative visions.
Journal Article
Social Media and Subjective Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Personality Traits
Social media has emerged as an important part of daily life for many people, with potential implications for subjective well-being. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether time spent on social media, social media stress, and social media self-regulation failure are associated with emerging adults’ subjective well-being (positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) and tested whether these links depended on participants’ Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and autonomy). A representative community sample of emerging adults (N = 343; 42.3% men; M
age
= 24.82 years) completed self-report questionnaires. Consistent with the “Goldilocks hypothesis”, both too much and too little time spent on social media were associated with greater negative affect, with 45 minutes per day predicting the lowest negative affect. Moderation analyses revealed that time spent on social media was related to lower positive affect for participants low on extraversion. Social media self-regulation failure was related to lower positive and higher negative affect for participants with low agreeableness. Social media stress related to less negative affect for participants with low emotional stability, and to more negative affect for people with high emotional stability. These findings suggest that the impact of social media on emerging adults’ well-being may depend in part on their personality traits.
Journal Article
Dissemination of disinformation on political and electoral processes in Nigeria: An exploratory study
Increasingly, social media has become a major source of fake news, with disinformation used as a tool in manipulating public opinion and delegitimizing opposing voices. This study explores the influence of the content of social media on traditional media, and the proliferation of disinformation in the context of elections and accountability in Nigeria. Data were collected from 60 interviews and 18 focus group discussions with key stakeholders across Nigeria's geo-political zones. The result shows the content of social media as shaping traditional media in addition to exacerbating pre-existing ethnic and religious tensions. The study recommends strengthening the positive elements of social media to weaken the threat posed by digital disinformation.
Journal Article
Information Technology Laws Mapping the Evolution and Impact of Social Media Regulation in India
Growing misuse of social media calls for an urgent move towards greater legal regulation to control the menace of fake news, hate speech and disinformation among democracies. The online interactions have undergone an evolution that threatens not only free speech, privacy, data protection, national security but democracy as a whole. The subject matter assumes significance, in a democracy like India, which has recently notified a new regulatory regime - Information Technology Rules, 2021, that has fundamentally changed the regulation of online content in India. This development warrants for revisiting the prior regulatory regimes to analyse the new rules and guidelines and its impact on public sphere. The review paper aims at mapping the evolution of laws governing online content in India. The fact-finding review paper is based on reviewing existing laws, regulations, policies, research papers, media reports, articles. It also seeks to explore the linkages between the legislative regulatory gaps and regulatory framework covering rules and principles on instances of internet governance to find solutions and future developments. After critically examining new guidelines, the study found out a case of overreaching provisions that dilute free speech and privacy.
Journal Article
“We Learn Through Mistakes”: Perspectives of Social Media Creators on Copyright Moderation in the European Union
Artists promoting their cultural production on social media platforms must navigate an algorithmic environment that involves visibility, content distribution, and growing algorithmic copyright moderation. The latter was experienced by EU-based social media creators when Article 17 of the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive was enforced in the EU (Directive [EU] 2019/790, 2019). This research focuses on the understanding and experiences of such creators regarding copyright content moderation of their work on social media platforms. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 artists from EU countries, who were surveyed on digitization and digital access to cultural content. A multimodal framework was employed to analyze the copyright governance of creative practices and products, focusing on the regulative (i.e., the adoption of Article 17), normative (assumptions about legitimate and illegitimate behavior in specific communities), and discursive dimensions, as well as the influence of technological affordance on creative work. The findings contribute to the fields of cultural production and platform governance, as well as having policy implications. The anticipation of punishments from platforms due to copyright-related fears and the inability to use appeal processes directly influenced cultural production. Most interviewees employed self-censorship, avoidance, and content adjustment in their creative work before posting on social media platforms.
Journal Article
Disinformation tackling in the metaverse and the Digital Services Act
The emergent metaverse presents novel challenges for online information integrity. Disinformation in immersive environments can be particularly pernicious, blurring the lines between reality and fiction. This study explores the multifaceted phenomenon of disinformation in metaverse, examining its potential forms, methods of propagation and the unique risks it poses. We then delve into the regulatory landscape, specifically analysing the EU's Digital Services Act (DSA) as a potential framework to combat disinformation in this new virtual frontier. In doing so, the study assesses the strengths and limitations of the DSA in addressing the complexities of metaverse disinformation. Through critical analysis, we explore how the DSA's specific scope and provisions on content removal, platform accountability and transparency can be adapted to the metaverse context.
Journal Article
The Role of Social Media Companies in the Regulation of Online Hate Speech
Abstract
This chapter is about online hate speech propagated via platforms operated by social media companies (SMCs). It examines the options open to states in forcing SMCs to take responsibility for the hateful content that appears on their sites. It examines the technological and legal context for imposing legal obligations on SMCs, and analyses initiatives in Germany, the United Kingdom, the European Union and elsewhere. It argues that while SMCs can play a role in controlling online hate speech, there are limitations to what they can achieve.
Book Chapter