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Christophe Guilluy, a French geographer, makes the case that France has become an \"American society\" - one that is both increasingly multicultural and increasingly unequal. The divide between the global economy's winners and losers in today's France has replaced the old left-right split, leaving many on \"the periphery.\" As Guilluy shows, there is no unified French economy, and those cut off from the country's new economic citadels suffer disproportionately on both economic and social fronts. In Guilluy's analysis, the lip service paid to the idea of an \"open society\" has emerged in France as a smoke screen meant to hide the emergence of a closed society, walled off for the benefit of the upper classes. The ruling classes in France are reaching a dangerous stage, he argues; without the stability of a growing economy, the hope for those excluded from growth is extinguished, undermining the legitimacy of a multicultural nation.

A passionate account of how the gulf between France's metropolitan elites and its working classes are tearing the country apartChristophe Guilluy, a French geographer, makes the case that France has become an \"American society\"-one that is both increasingly multicultural and increasingly unequal. The divide between the global economy's winners and losers in today's France has replaced the old left-right split, leaving many on \"the periphery.\"As Guilluy shows, there is no unified French economy, and those cut off from the country's new economic citadels suffer disproportionately on both economic and social fronts. In Guilluy's analysis, the lip service paid to the idea of an \"open society\" has emerged in France as a smoke screen meant to hide the emergence of a closed society, walled off for the benefit of the upper classes. The ruling classes in France are reaching a dangerous stage, he argues; without the stability of a growing economy, the hope for those excluded from growth is extinguished, undermining the legitimacy of a multicultural nation.

\"Once a romanticized beacon of democracy, culture, and the arts, France has slowly slid further and further away from its historic image of liberty, equality and fraternity. The country is on the brink. With a precarious labor force facing dwindling wages, a right wing political surge that has resulted in drastic acts of Islamaphobia and Anti-Seminitism, and a media increasingly led by government cronies, France has entered an unprecedented era of social, political and economic turbulence. So, where is France heading, who runs it, and why does it matter? In Fixing France, French-Algerian journalist Nabila Ramdani gets to the very heart of a declining France racked with division. From the rise of Marine Le Pen to the segregated suburbs to the growing educational divide and wealth disparity, Ramdani offers a compelling and original critique of contemporary France. Deeply reported, the book is filled with interviews with senior public figures, including all presidents of the 21st century as well as with numerous ordinary French people who feel excluded by the powerbrokers and from the establishment institutions that run their lives. Yet, while Ramdani follows France's historical tradition of dissent, she simultaneously acknowledges that there is much to be hopeful about. What emerges is a true portrait of a country undergoing dramatic change and upheaval\"-- Provided by publisher.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 The New Citadels -- 2 An Americanized Society -- 3 The Management of Public Opinion -- 4 The Defection of the Working Class -- Conclusion -- Appendix: An Index of Socioeconomic Fragility -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z

Social commerce is an emerging trend in which sellers are connected in online social networks and sellers are individuals instead of firms. This article examines the economic value implications of a social network between sellers in a large online social commerce marketplace. In this marketplace, each seller creates his or her own shop, and network ties between sellers are directed hyperlinks between their shops. Three questions are addressed: (1) Does allowing sellers to connect to each other create value (i.e., increase sales)? (2) What are the mechanisms through which this value is created? and (3) How is this value distributed across sellers in the network and how does the position of a seller in the network (e.g., its centrality) influence how much he or she benefits or suffers from the network? The authors find that (1) allowing sellers to connect generates considerable economic value, (2) the network's value lies primarily in making shops more accessible to customers browsing the marketplace (the network creates a \"virtual shopping mall\"), and (3) the sellers who benefit the most from the network are not necessarily those who are central to the network but rather those whose accessibility is most enhanced by the network.

Compensatory advantage is a mechanism of social stratification that complements cumulative advantage and path dependence. In this article, I first discuss the theoretical foundations of the compensatory advantage and path dependence mechanisms and the methodological challenges that complicate identification of their effects. Next, I present a practical demonstration of the use of the compensatory advantage theoretical framework, with a regression discontinuity design estimating the probability of being continuously promoted throughout primary education in France. Results indicate that students born just before the cutoff date for primary school entry, who are consequently the youngest in the class when starting school, face a larger risk of grade repetition. In line with theoretical predictions of the compensatory advantage model, the risk is much smaller for students born to highly educated parents compared to students whose parents have lower educational attainment.

Persistently low employment of women in some countries can still be ascribed to a traditional perception of women’s role in society. According to observed data and prevailing social and cultural norms, women have been bearing the primary burdens of housework, childcare, and other family responsibilities. The unequal share of care responsibilities between women and men further worsens the disadvantages of women in balancing public and private life, with an impact on their employment and health outcomes. In this paper we investigate the role of family responsibilities in shaping employment and health outcomes by gender, in Italy and France, during and after the economic downturn. We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the time windows of 2007–2010 and 2011–2014. Our results support that gender differences in the share of responsibilities roles in the public and private sphere influence the employability and health perception of women.

Cet article traite la question de savoir si une tendance de long terme peut être identifiée dans le régime de mobilité sociale de la société française depuis le milieu du siècle. Il s'ouvre par une revue de la littérature internationale sur les tendances temporelles de la fluidité sociale au sein des sociétés modernes. Analysant les recherches françaises récentes qui ont conclu à la stabilité de l'inégalité des chances sociales dans la France des deux dernières décennies, il argumente que cette conclusion pourrait n'être liée qu'à un manque de puissance des techniques statistiques mises en œuvre. La suite de l'article est consacrée à une analyse des tables de mobilité sociale père-fils et père-fille tirées d'enquêtes nationales représentatives conduites en 1953, 1970, 1977, 1985 et 1993 (N = 35 741 pour les hommes et 18 484 pour les femmes). L'usage de modèles log-linéaires et log-multiplicatifs révèle que l'association statistique (mesurée par le logarithme des odds ratios) entre origine et position sociales a diminué au rythme régulier de 0,5% par an durant quarante ans. Ce résultat correspond à une tendance lente, mais continue, à la réduction de l'inégalité des chances sociales depuis le milieu du siècle. Parmi les douze millions de Français, hommes et femmes, de 35 à 59 ans qui ont un emploi en 1993, près d'un demi-million occupent ainsi des positions sociales qui n'auraient pas été les leurs en l'absence de cette augmentation de la fluidité sociale en quarante ans. L'article conclut que la thèse de l'invariance temporelle du régime de mobilité entre générations ne peut être soutenue pour la société française et que les causes de cette évolution restent à préciser. /// The aim of this paper is to examine whether a long-term trend can be identified in the mobility regime of French society from the middle of the century. Its begins with a review of the international literature on temporal trends in social fluidity within modern societies. Analysing recent French research which has concluded that inequality of opportunity has remained unchanged in France during the last two decades, the paper argues that such a conclusion can only have resulted from the use of insufficiently powerful statistical techniques. The second part of the paper analyses father-son and father-daughter mobility tables drawn from national representative surveys carried out in 1953, 1970, 1977, 1985 and 1993 (N = 35, 741 for males and 18, 484 for females). The use of log-linear and log-multiplicative models reveals that the statistical association (as measured with the logarithm of the odds ratio) between social origin and destination has declined steadily by 0.5% a year over a period of forty years. This finding highlights a slow but continuous trend towards a reduction in inequality of opportunity from the middle of the century. Of the twelve million French men and women between the ages of 35 and 59 who were in employment in 1993, nearly half a million would have belonged to different classes without this forty-year increase in social fluidity. The paper concludes that the thesis of temporal invariance in the intergenerational mobility regime cannot be maintained for France, but that the reasons of this change still remain to be ascertained. /// Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob im Regim der sozialen Mobilität der französischen Gesellschaft seit Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts eine Langzeittendenz festgestellt werden kann. Er beginnt mit einer Überschau der internationalen Literatur zu den zeitlichen Tendenzen der sozialen Durchlässigkeit innerhalb der modernen Gesellschaften. Durch eine Analyse der kürzlichen französischen Forschungen, die auf die Stabilität der Ungleichheit der sozialen Chancen in Frankreich über die letzten zwanzig Jahre schließt, argumentiert der Aufsatz, daß diese Schlußfolgerung lediglich mit zu schwachen angewendeten statistischen Techniken zusammenhängen könnte. Der weitere Verlauf des Artikels beschäftigt sich mit einer Analyse der Tabellen der sozialen Mobilität Vater-Sohn und Vater-Tochter, die aus repräsentativen nationalen Umfragen aus den Jahren 1953, 1970, 1977, 1985 und 1993 (N = 35 741 für die Männer und 18 484 für die Frauen). Die Verwendung von log-linearen und log-multiplikativen Modellen zeigt, daß die statistische Verbindung (gemessen mit dem Logarithmus der odds ratios) zwischen sozialen Herkunft und sozialen Stellung regelmäßig um 0,5% pro Jahr in den letzten vierzig Jahren abgenommen hat. Dieses Ergebnis entspricht einer langsamen jedoch andauernden Tendenz zur Verminderung der Ungleichheit der sozialen Chancen seit der Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts. Von den zwölf Millionen Franzosen, Männer und Frauen, zwischen 35 und 59 Jahre, die 1993 eine Beschäftigung hatten, nimmt fast eine halbe Million soziale Stellungen ein, die sie nicht gehabt hätten, wenn die soziale Durchlässigkeit der letzten vierzig Jahren nicht zugenommen hätte. Der Aufsatz schließt mit der Feststellung, daß die These der zeitlichen Unveränderlichkeit des Regims der Mobilität zwischen Generationen für die französische Gesellschaft nicht aufgestellt werden kann und, daß die Gründe zu dieser Entwicklung noch festgelegt werden müßen. /// Este artículo trata de hacer conocer si una tendencia en el regimen de movilidad social de la sociedad francesa puede ser identificada a partir de la mitad del siglo a largo plazo. Comienza por una revisión de la literatura internacional sobre las tendencias temporales de la fluidéz social dentro de las sociedades modernas. Analizando las últimas investigaciones francesas que han concluído a una estabilidad de la desiguladad de las oportunidades sociales en las dos últimas décadas en este país, se argumenta que esta conclusión podría ser una consecuencia de la falta de rigor de las técnicas estadísticas utilizadas. A continuación el artículo analiza los cuadros de movilidad social padre-hijo y padre-hija, extraídas de encuestas nacionales representativas efectuadas en 1953, 1970, 1977, 1985 y 1993 (N= 35 741 para los hombres y 18 484 para las mujeres). La utilización de los modelos log-lineales y de los modelos log-multiplicativos revela que la asociación estadística (medida por el logaritmo de los odds ratios) entre origen y posición social en esos cuarenta años ha disminuído a un ritmo anual de 0,5%. A partir de mediados de este siglo este resultado corresponde a una tendencia lenta, pero contínua de la reducción de la desigualdad de las oportunidades sociales. De los doce millones de franceses, hombres y mujeres, entre 35 y 59 años con empleo en 1993, cerca de medio millón ocupan de este modo posiciones sociales que no habrían sido las suyas sin la presencia de este incremento de la fluidéz social en los últimos cuarenta años. El artículo concluye con la tesis de la invariabilidad temporal del regimen de la movilidad entre generaciones es insostenible para la sociedad francesa y que las causas de esta evolución quedan sin precisar.

Le statut social acquis se définit habituellement selon trois dimensions principales: culturelle, professionnelle et économique. L'âge de fin d'études, la PCS et le salaire ont ici été retenus comme indicateurs de ses dimensions. Afin d'évaluer leur congruence et le degré auquel elle a évolué en France depuis une quinzaine d'années, les données de l'enquête Emploi (INSEE) de 1982 sont comparées à celles de 1997. Une légère augmentation du lien brut peut être décelée, mais des modèles log-linéaires ou log-multiplicatifs permettent d'établir que la congruence nette des changements de structure intervenus entre les deux dates est parfaitement stable. Ce résultat vaut aussi par classe d'âges. Du point de vue de leur cohérence, les hiérarchies apparaissent fortes et pérennes lorsque les statuts acquis sont seuls en cause. Cette rigidité contraste avec la relative ouverture qui est par ailleurs observée lorsque des éléments de statut assigné interviennent. /// Achieved social status is generally defined along three main lines: cultural, professional and economic. The end-of study age, the PCS and the salary are the three indicators used to measure these three aspects. To evaluate their consistency and its evolution in France over the last fifteen years, the results of a 1982 INSEE survey on employment have been compared to those for 1997. A slight increase in the gross connection can be noticed, but log-linear or log-multiplicative models allow us to establish that the net consistency (with changes in structure being neutralised) is perfectly stable. This result applies equally to each age group. In relation to their consistency, hierarchies appear strong and continuous when only achieved status is taken into account. This rigidity contrasts with the relative opening that can otherwise be seen when the elements of ascribed status intervene. /// Der erworbene soziale Status wird üblicherweise nach drei Hauptdimensionen gemessen: die kulturelle, die berufliche und die wirtschaftliche. In diesem Aufsatz werden das Studienalter, die sozioberufliche Kategoire und das Einkommen als Indikatoren für diese Dimensionen berücksichtigt. Zur Bewertung ihrer Kongruenz und des Entwicklungsgrades in Frankreich seit etwa 15 Jahren, werden die Daten der Beschäftigungsumfrage (INSEE) von 1982 mit den der Umfrage von 1997 verglichen. So kann ein leichter Anstieg der Bruttoverbindung festgestellt werden, log-lineare und log-multiplikative Modelle erlauben jedoch die Beweisführung, daß die Nettokongruenz der Strukturveränderungen innerhalb der beiden Daten vollkommen unverändert ist. Dieses Ergebnis gilt auch für jede Altersklasse. Vom Standpunkt ihrer Kohärenz aus, erscheinen die Hierarchien stark und andauernd, wenn allein der erworbene Status berücksichtigt wird. Diese Starrheit kontrastiert mit der relativen Offenheit, die übrigens festgestellt wird, wenn zugewiesene Statuselemente eingreifen. /// El status social adquirido se define normalmente por tres dimensiones principales: cultural, profesional y económico. Han sido tomados como marcadores des esas la edad alcanzada al fin de los estudios, la PCS y el salario. Con el fin de evaluar su articulación y el grado de evolución en Francia, durante quince años se han comparado los datos de la encuesta empleo (INSEE) de 1982 a las de 1997. Es notorio un ligero aumento social bruto, aunque los modelos log-lineales o log-multiplicativos establecen que la congruencia clara de cambios de estructura producidas entre las dos fechas es completamente estable. Este resultado también es válido para las clases edad. Desde el punto de vista de su coherencia, las jerarquías aparecen muy bien marcadas cuando los status adquiridos son los únicos que están en juego. Esta rigidéz contrasta con la relativa apertura, que se observa por otra parte sobre todo cuando intervienen elementos del status asignado.

Place attachment is one’s strong emotional bond with a specific location. While there are numerous studies on the topic, the literature pays little attention to commercial settings. This is because they are seen as too insipid to rouse attachment. Consumer research, however, suggests otherwise. To address this disparity, the authors investigate how people develop, experience, and act on place attachment in commercial settings. Findings from consumer in-depth interviews and self-reports conducted in France reveal that place attachment develops through perceptions of familiarity, authenticity, and security and evolves into experiences of homeyness. Consumers find these encounters of homeyness extraordinary and respond by engaging in volunteering, over-reciprocation, and ambassadorship toward the place. The authors further theorize these findings through a gift economy perspective and identify a tripartite exchange between the consumer, the proprietor of the place, and selected people from the consumer’s social network.