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Background Relevant studies focusing on epidemiological of profiles hypertensive disorders of pregnancy from global data that report the cause-specific prevalence and trends of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at global, regional and national levels from 1990 to 2019 by age and sociodemographic index are still limited. Methods For hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, point prevalence, annual incidence, and years lived with disability numbers and age standardized rates per 100,000 population were compared at regional and national levels by age and sociodemographic index using data from the global Burden of Disease 2019 Study, covering populations from 204 countries and territories. Estimates are reported with uncertainty intervals to exhibit the changing trends during a specific period. Results The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increased from 16.30 million to 18.08 million globally, with a total increase of 10.92 % from 1990 to 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate decreased, with an estimated annual percent change of -0.68 (95 % confidence interval [CI] -0.49 to -0.86). The number of deaths due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was approximately 27.83 thousand in 2019, representing a 30.05 % decrease from 1990. Based on the incidence and prevalence, the number of deaths and years lived with disability were highest in the group aged 25–29 years, followed by the groups aged 30–34 and 20–24 years, while the lowest estimated incidence rate was observed in the group aged 25–29 years and higher incidence rates were observed in the youngest and oldest groups. Positive associations between incidence rates and the sociodemographic index and human development index were found for all countries and regions in 2019. Age-standardized incidence rates were higher in countries/regions with lower sociodemographic indices and human development indices. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the global burden of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The death and incidence rates are decreasing in most countries and all regions except for those with low sociodemographic and human development indexes. This difference is mainly due to the increasing attention to prenatal examinations and health education. Further investigations should focus on forecasting the global disease burden of specific hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and modifiable risk factors.

Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from the rupture of blood vessels causing bleeding within the brain and is one of the major causes of death and long-term disability globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite having a lower incidence than ischemic stroke, ICH imposes a greater social and economic burden. To our knowledge, since the release of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report, there has been no comprehensive update on the epidemiology and trends of ICH. This study aims to analyze the impact of gender, age, and the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) on the burden of ICH at global, regional, and national levels. Methods Data on the incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ICH and its related risk factors from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the GBD 2021 project, encompassing 203 countries and regions. Furthermore, temporal trends of the global intracerebral hemorrhage burden were assessed through Joinpoint analysis. Results In 2021, there were 3.444 million new cases of ICH worldwide, with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 40.8 per 100,000 people, representing a 31.4% decrease compared to 1990. In 2021, ICH caused 3.308 million deaths, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 39.1 per 100,000 people, a reduction of 36.6% since 1990. Globally, ICH accounted for 79.457 million DALYs, with an age-standardized DALY rate of 92.4 per 100,000 people, representing a 39.1% decrease since 1990. Regionally, Central Asia, Oceania, and Southeast Asia had the highest age-standardized prevalence rates of ICH, whereas Australasia, high-income North America, and Western Europe had the lowest rates. Nationally, the Solomon Islands, Mongolia, and Kiribati had the highest age-standardized prevalence rates, whereas Switzerland, New Zealand, and Australia had the lowest. Hypertension, smoking, and environmental pollution were identified as the primary risk factors for ICH. This study also validated the significant association between SDI and the burden of ICH, with the age-standardized DALY rate of ICH decreasing significantly as SDI increased. Conclusion Despite the decreasing burden of intracerebral hemorrhage, it remains a significant public health issue in countries with a lower SDI. Prevention strategies should prioritize hypertension management, air quality improvement, and smoking control to further mitigate the impact of intracerebral hemorrhage.

BRICS-Plus countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and 30 other countries) is a group of 35 countries with emerging economies making up more than half of the world’s population. We explored epidemiological trends of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality attributable to modifiable risk factors and its association with period and birth cohort effects and sociodemographic index (SDI) across BRICS-Plus countries by using joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort modeling from 1990 to 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, the all-ages CVD deaths increased by 85.2% (6.1 million to 11.3 million) across BRICS-Plus countries. The CVD age-standardized mortality rate attributable to dietary risks and smoking significantly decreased across BRICS-Plus countries, with some exceptions. However, four-fifths of BRICS-Plus countries observed a remarkable increasing trend of high body mass-index (BMI)-related CVD deaths, in particular, among younger adults (25–49 years). Early birth cohorts and individuals aged greater than 50 years showed a higher risk of CVD mortality. Both the China-ASEAN FTA and Mercosur regions stand out for their successful sociodemographic transition, with a significant reduction in CVD mortality over the study period. Singapore and Brazil achieved great progress in CVD mortality reduction and the other BRICS-Plus countries should follow their lead in adopting public health policies and initiatives into practice.

The burden of chronic respiratory diseases has changed over the three decades. This study aims to describe the spatiotemporal trends of prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) worldwide during 1990-2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). The prevalence, mortality, and DALY attributable to CRDs and risk factors from 1990 to 2019 were estimated. We also assessed the driving factors and potentiality for improvement with decomposition and frontier analyses, respectively. In 2019, 454.56 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 417.35-499.14] million individuals worldwide had a CRD, showing a 39·8% increase compared with 1990. Deaths due to CRDs were 3.97 (95%UI: 3.58-4.30) million, and DALY in 2019 was 103.53 (95%UI: 94.79-112.27) million. Declines by average annual percent change (AAPC) were observed in age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) (0.64% decrease), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) (1.92%), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) (1.72%) globally and in 5 socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. Decomposition analyses represented that the increase in overall CRDs DALY was driven by aging and population growth. However, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the leading driver of increased DALY worldwide. Frontier analyses witnessed significant improvement opportunities at all levels of the development spectrum. Smoking remained a leading risk factor (RF) for mortality and DALY, although it showed a downward trend. Air pollution, a growing factor especially in relatively low SDI regions, deserves our attention. Our study clarified that CRDs remain the leading causes of prevalence, mortality, and DALY worldwide, with growth in absolute numbers but declines in several age-standardized estimators since 1990. The estimated contribution of risk factors to mortality and DALY demands the need for urgent measures to improve them. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.

BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a progressive and life-threatening condition, has significant implications for public health, particularly in the aging population. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of PAH in individuals aged 60 years and older from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, which encompasses 204 countries and territories.MethodsWe tracked PAH trends (1990–2021) with three metrics: the annual percentage change (APC) from joinpoint, the average APC (AAPC) across segments, and the estimated APC (EAPC) from the log-linear model. APC captures year-by-year shifts; AAPC summarises the whole period; EAPC gives a single long-term slope. Significance set at 95% CI excluding zero. For 2022–2050 we used the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model, which extends these time-component ideas into future projections.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2021, the number of new cases increased by 130%, deaths by 130%, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) increased by 100%. In 2021, there were 15,622 new cases, 15,443 deaths, and 248,064 DALYs globally. The incidence rate rose from 1.447 to 1.66 per 100,000 population. Looking ahead to 2050, we project the number of new cases to reach 31383 (95% CI: 17604.40, 45162.56), an incidence rate of 1.46 per 100,000, approximately 20,687 deaths, and 302,760 DALYs. In addition, Zambia recorded the highest incidence rate, while China had the largest total number of cases. The middle Sociodemographic Index (SDI) region bore the highest disease burden, highlighting disparities in the global distribution of PAH.ConclusionThese findings underscore the escalating burden of PAH among the elderly and emphasize the urgent need for targeted public health strategies to address this growing challenge. Our study highlights the importance of continued surveillance and the development of interventions to mitigate the impact of PAH on aging populations worldwide.

Background Silicosis, as an important type of pneumoconiosis, leads to progressive and irreversible conditions from the beginning of inflammation and fibrosis. However, the data on the global burden of silicosis and long-term trends were limited. Methods Derived from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 (online publicly available: Global Health Data Exchange), data on both crude and age-standardized rates (ASR) per 100,00 people of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to silicosis was collected and analyzed. The burden and trends of mortality and DALYs due to silicosis was assessed by 204 countries and territories, by 5-year interval of age group and by sex from 1990 to 2019. And all the regions were divided into 5 categories according to Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Temporal trends in mortality and DALY were evaluated only to ASR by the Joinpoint regression model. Results More than 12.9 thousand [95% Uncertainty Intervals (UI): 10.9, 16.2] death cases occurred due to silicosis worldwide, and 655.7 thousand (95% UI: 519.3, 828.0) DALYs were attributed to silicosis in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, global number of mortality and DALYs in countries with high SDI quintile decreased by 0.35% (95% UI: − 0.45, − 0.17) and 0.32% (95% UI: − 0.45, − 0.01), respectively. There was a greater burden in low- and middle-income countries were estimated in 2019 according to ASRs. The global number of mortality and DALYs among males accounted for over 95% of all in 2019. Both age-sex-specific mortality and DALY rate were increasing with aging and reached their peak at 85–89 age group. During the past 30 years, ASR of mortality and DALYs showed a decreasing trend with average annual percentage change at -3.0% [95% Confidence Intervals (CI): − 3.2, − 2.9] and − 2.0 (95% CI: − 1.7, − 2.2), respectively. Conclusions Silicosis remains an important health issue and causes a potentially serious burden worldwide. Attention should be paid to making preventable, affordable and effective measures in lower SDI regions.

Background Inequality is a consistent issue throughout the process of HIV/AIDS prevention and control. There is currently a lack of quantitative research on cross-country inequalities in HIV/AIDS. Methods This study quantified the burden and inequalities of HIV/AIDS across 204 countries using GBD 2021 data. Age-standardized rates (ASRs) and uncertainty intervals (UIs) were used to quantify the burden of HIV/AIDS. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of ASRs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess trends. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CI) were employed to quantify the degree of inequality in countries or regions with different Sociodemographic Index (SDI) levels. Findings In 2021, the ASRs of incidence(ASIR), prevalence(ASPR), mortality(ASMR) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)(ASDR) of HIV/AIDS per 100,000 people were 20.77 (95% UI: 18.77-23.02), 483.14 (95% UI: 459.02-511.43), 8.71 (95% UI: 8.10-9.56) and 496.39(95% UI: 456.10-554.21) globally. In 204 countries or regions, Lesotho with the highest prevalence in 2021 is 22,564.56 times the lowest in Albania. In terms of changes in ASIR, ASPR, ASMR and ASDR, there were 100 countries, 171 countries, 102 countries and 101 countries showed upward trends, respectively. According to the cross-country social inequalities analysis, the SII changed from -291.78 to -67.24 for ASIR, from -1117.87 to-2312.47 for ASPR, from -42.48 to -49.32 for ASMR and from -2354.77 to -2557.03 for ASDR. The concentration index values ranged from 0.3 to 0.6. Conclusions Countries or regions with lower socio-demographic development disproportionately bear a heavier burden of HIV/AIDS, and these disparities are widening over time between the lowest and highest socioeconomic status groups. Additionally, the rising trend of HIV/AIDS burden in populations with high and middle SDI levels is alarming.

Dermatitis is an important global health problem that not only affects social interaction and physical and mental health but also causes economic burden. Health problems or distress caused by dermatitis may be easily overlooked, and relevant epidemiological data are limited. Therefore, a better understanding of the burden of dermatitis is necessary for developing global intervention strategies. All data on dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis (AD), contact dermatitis (CD) and seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD), were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD2019) database. The extracted age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rates (ASDR) data were analysed by stratification, including by sex, country or region, and sociodemographic index (SDI) indicators. Finally, we analysed the correlation between the global burden of dermatitis and socioeconomic development status. According to the GBD 2019 estimate, the ASIR and ASDR for the three major types of dermatitis in 2019 were 5244.3988 (95% CI 4551.7244-5979.3176) per 100,000 person-years and 131.6711 (95% CI 77.5876-206.8796) per 100,000 person-years. The ASIR and ASDR of atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis and seborrhoeic dermatitis are: Incidence (95%CI,per 100,000 person-years), 327.91 (312.76-343.67), 3066.04 (2405.38-3755.38), 1850.44 (1706.25- 1993.74); DALYs (95%CI, per 100,000 person-years), 99.69 (53.09-167.43), 28.06 (17.62-41.78), 3.93 (2.24-6.25). In addition, among the three dermatitis types, the greatest burden was associated with AD. According to the ASDR from 1990 to 2019, the burden of dermatitis has exhibited a slow downward trend in recent years. In 2019, the ASIR showed that the USA had the greatest burden, while the ASDR showed that Asian countries (such as Japan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan) and some European countries (France, Estonia) had the greatest burden. According to SDI stratification and the three major dermatitis types, high ASIR and ASDR corresponded to high SDI areas (especially for AD). The burden of dermatitis is related to socioeconomic development status, especially for AD, which is positively correlated with the SDI. The results based on GBD2019 data are valuable for formulating policy, preventing and treating dermatitis and reducing the global burden of dermatitis.

Background This study aims to delineate the global, regional, and national burden of malignant neoplasms of bone and articular cartilage (MNBAC) among individuals aged 65 years and older from 1990 to 2021, stratified by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Methods We harnessed data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with MNBAC among individuals aged 65 years and older across 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. The socio-demographic Index (SDI) served as a metric to examine the influence of socioeconomic development on the burden of MNBAC. Furthermore, joinpoint regression analysis was employed to identify the years marked by the most significant temporal changes over the study period. Results In 2021, an estimated 163,561 prevalent cases of MNBAC were recorded among individuals aged ≥ 65 years, alongside 28,100 newly diagnosed cases, 27,588 deaths, and 508,202 DALYs. The age-standardized rates per 100,000 population were 21.30 for prevalence, 3.69 for incidence, 3.66 for mortality, and 65.85 for DALYs. Notably, Cuba reported the highest prevalence rate (42.42), while the Philippines exhibited the greatest DALY burden (161.78). Egypt demonstrated the highest incidence (7.44) and mortality rates (8.90). A significant inverse correlation was observed between age-standardized DALY rates and SDI across regions. Conclusions This analysis underscores the substantial global burden of MNBAC among older adults, accentuating the imperative for tailored public health interventions, alongside advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, particularly within resource-constrained settings.

Abstract Background: Urolithiasis is a widespread disease with a high prevalence worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the disease burden of urolithiasis and its trends from 1990 to 2021 globally, based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 database. Methods: The numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality of urolithiasis were extracted from GBD 2021 to represent the disease burden. Joinpoint regression analyses were conducted to assess the temporal trends in the burden of urolithiasis. The male-to-female ASR ratio indices were used to evaluate sex disparities. Additionally, we explored the relationship between the ASR ratio and the sociodemographic index (SDI). Results: The total numbers of incidence, DALY, and mortality of urolithiasis were 105,983,780 cases (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 88,349,356–128,645,155 cases), 693,444 cases (95% UI = 567,765–850,490 cases), and 17,672 cases (95% UI = 13,932–21,241 cases), respectively, in 2021. There is an increasing trend in the number of these measures globally, whereas the ASRs have decreased over the past 30 years. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were significantly higher in males than in females in 2021. The sex disparities in the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) and ASMR of urolithiasis were negatively correlated with the SDI. In 2021, the ASIR of urolithiasis was 964.70 (95% UI = 801.26–1175.09) per 100,000 people in China, which is much lower than the global average (1242.84 [95% UI = 1034.94–1506.99] per 100,000 people). Compared with the global average, a more pronounced decline in ASIR was observed in China from 1793.16 (1446.0–2235.14) in 1990 to 964.70 (801.26–1175.09) per 100,000 people in 2021. Conclusions: Urolithiasis poses a significant healthcare burden worldwide. More robust global and national strategies are warranted to address the prevention and treatment, especially in low SDI countries and regions.