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Background/Introduction: Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) collaboration in intensive care units (ICU) is complex, necessitating structured communication approaches to optimise discussions, including on infection care. Achieving consistency across teams remains a challenge. This study explores how team dynamics and communication influence patient discussions during ICU ward rounds, using sociograms. Method: Observations of ward rounds were conducted in two ICUs at a tertiary hospital in South Africa. Field notes detailed contextual descriptions, team interactions, and activities. Sociograms mapped and quantified communication episodes and team dynamics. Reflexive feedback promoted team self-assessment on communication practices. Data were thematically analysed, complemented by descriptive statistics. Results: Fifty-four hours of observations, covering 273 patient discussions, generated 38 sociograms and documented 1900 communication episodes. Consultants (43 %,821/1900) and registrars (44 %,835/1900) led discussions, with registrars providing structured updates, including on infection care. Infection care constituted nearly one-third of discussions, however input from nurses, pharmacists, and microbiologists was notably limited despite their active roles in infection-related care. Clear, direct communication correlated with task documentation, while unclear communication led 77 % of tasks undocumented. Infection-related actions were clearly communicated in 93 % of cases. Positioning, side discussions, and interruptions affected communication clarity and focus. The process and reflexivity shifted the view of ward rounds, reframing them as adaptable tools for improving patient care. Discussion: Mapping and quantifying interactions shows the distribution of power and influences in patient discussions. Sociograms and reflexive practices aid self-assessment of interactions to improve team dynamics. Structured communication strategies that include key players, can enhance dynamics, infection care and patient outcomes. •ICU ward round communication is complex, especially in infection-related care.•Hierarchical team norms may marginalise key members with essential expertise.•Spatial positioning and side discussions influence team dynamics and participation.•Sociograms visually map communication patterns and team dynamics.•Sociogram-based reflexive feedback aids self-assessment to improve team dynamics.

We explored peer acceptance and friendships during adolescence, and their relationship with subsequent changes in the level of adolescents' academic achievement. Participants were 447 students (51% girls) aged from 11 to 16 years. The students completed sociometric assessments of their peer acceptance and friendships during the autumn semester (Time 1). Academic achievement data were also obtained from students' report-card grades at Time 1 as well as during the spring semester (Time 2) of the same academic year. Regression analysis indicated that peer acceptance positively predicted subsequent academic achievement. This relationship was also moderated by age, with the effect of peer acceptance on subsequent academic achievement being greater during early adolescence than in midadolescence. This research deepens understanding of the mechanisms by which positive peer relationships influence adolescents' academic achievement.

A ruling of courts contains a full transcript of the defendant’s examination in chief and its cross-examination, as well as the transcript of the witnesses’ testimony under oath, and the concomitant cross-examination of the witnesses, a list of documentary evidence, and applied sentences. By applying Artificial Intelligent, the researcher is able to open all possible connections and interrelation of all actors and evidence which are almost impossible to be done manually. From six of the ruling of the Supreme Courts regarding corruption, we identified and mapped the process, forms, sociograms, crosstab of corruptions, and interconnections of all the persons and institutions involved. The huge and various documents can be easily categorized and be more homogeny. This study, therefore, demonstrates that Artificial Intelligent is increasingly playing a role in qualitative as well as quantitative corruption research.

Mudeungsan National Park is a tall mountain located in the middle of Gwangju City. It is a UNESCO Global Geopark recognised as a rich repository of biological resources with high plant species diversity. However, hiking trails created around the exposed bedrock on the slopes around the mountain's summit cause soil loss and habitat destruction. To conserve the plant ecosystem of Mudeungsan National Park sustainably, the present study was conducted to find a species that could indicate the conservation status of the ecosystem. We the sociological relationships between plants with the aim of restoring habitats and species diversity around the summit bedrock at Mudeungsan National Park. In particular, our goal was to provide basic data for projects aimed at improving future hiking trails in national parks by analysing the sociological relationships between Potentilla ancistrifolia var. dickinsii, which is a phytogeographically important plant, and its companion plants. Findings showed high centrality of Miscanthus Sinensis, Lespedeza bicolor, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Carex lanceolate, Arundinella hirta, and Rubus crataegifolius in the plant social network on the summit ridge of Mudeungsan. The analysis of the plant social network around P. ancistrifolia var. dickinsii showed that the extent of destruction of the ridge ecosystem could be determined by the changes in P. ancistriflolia. var. dickinsii cover, indicating that this species could be used as an indicator species.

Urban regeneration and spatial planning have adopted a new participatory approach in recent decades, highlighting the importance of integrating the community in urban decision-making processes, especially in disadvantaged and socially excluded areas. In this context, the sociogram emerges as an essential tool for collaborative governance, allowing the visualization and analysis of the dynamics between the different actors involved. This study employs a comparative case study approach in three disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Córdoba, Spain, to examine how the sociogram can facilitate more effective and democratic participation in urban planning. Using heat maps, scatter plots and average analysis, relationships between actors are identified and characterized, providing a solid basis for more inclusive and equitable planning decisions. This analysis not only reveals the practical utility of the sociogram in participatory research but also underscores its theoretical relevance in building resilient and cohesive communities. Findings confirm the sociogram’s effectiveness in mapping stakeholder dynamics and enhancing participatory governance, ultimately fostering more informed and inclusive urban planning processes.

Graph theoretical analysis plays a vital role in various fields. In Graph theory, Graph labeling is the major area of application. Graph labeling is the assignment of labels to the vertices and edges of a graph pertaining to certain conditions. Graph theory finds its applications in Coding theory, Radar, Astronomy, Circuit designs, Communication networks, X-ray crystallography, Data base management and a major role in medical field like Brain network, Forensics and Cephalometric analysis. Here we would like to enhance the graph theory applications in the field of Psychology. This paper gives an overview of graph techniques applied in Sociometry using Sociogram. Sociometry is a quantitative method for measuring social relationships and Sociogram is a tool to find Sociometry of a social space. In this article, an analysis in a classroom climate with of a group of 50 college students was done after they were subjected to answer a series of questions probing for affiliations with other classmates. A graphical representation (sociogram) of the social links of each student was constructed by plotting the structure of interpersonal relations in the group. This graphical representation depicts the social relations, channels of influence, attraction towards others, hatred, isolation and lines of communication of the group.

Qualitative data collection using online focus groups is increasing in popularity. However this may change the way discussion is created and steered by the participants and facilitators in these focus groups and so potentially influence the data collected. In a focus group study exploring end of life family conversations in African and Caribbean heritage communities, two focus groups were held face-to-face and a further three took place online using the online video conference software, Microsoft teams. Sociograms and an interaction questionnaire were used to analyse participant interactions in each group. The study involved 21 participants across the five groups. The use of sociograms showed that direct participant to participant interactions were rarer in the online groups, most interactions went via the facilitator who as a result retained more power over the direction of the conversation. Participants responses analysed using the interaction questionnaire showed that participants were stimulated by the experiences of others in both contexts. The facilitator found it harder to create rapport in the online groups than in the face-to-face groups where conversation between participants seemed to flow more smoothly. The observer notes suggested that non-verbal communication was less evident in the online groups. In larger groups people made more use of turn taking using the hands-up function and chat box than in smaller groups where all participants could see each other more easily on screen. Researchers need to be aware of the impact of different delivery modalities on group interactions and how this may change the power dynamics of who is controlling the narrative and therefore the data generated. Group facilitators may need find it useful to develop skills needed to maximise the conversational element of online forms of data collection.

In biological systems, a few sequence differences diversify the hybridization profile of nucleotides and enable the quantitative control of cellular metabolism in a cooperative manner. In this respect, the information required for a better understanding may not be in each nucleotide sequence, but representative information contained among them. Existing methodologies for nucleotide sequence design have been optimized to track the function of the genetic molecule and predict interaction with others. However, there has been no attempt to extract new sequence information to represent their inheritance function. Here, we tried to conceptually reveal the presence of a representative sequence from groups of nucleotides. The combined application of the K-means clustering algorithm and the social network analysis theorem enabled the effective calculation of the representative sequence. First, a “common sequence” is made that has the highest hybridization property to analog sequences. Next, the sequence complementary to the common sequence is designated as a ‘representative sequence’. Based on this, we obtained a representative sequence from multiple analog sequences that are 8–10-bases long. Their hybridization was empirically tested, which confirmed that the common sequence had the highest hybridization tendency, and the representative sequence better alignment with the analogs compared to a mere complementary.

The complexity of modern medicine requires high-performance teamwork to ensure quality care. Teams rely on communication patterns that are replicable and efficient. The purpose of this observational study was to characterize communication dynamics among interprofessional team members during a team huddle. The study aimed to (a) characterize communication within structured huddles on an inpatient medicine unit by evaluating who talked and to whom and what types of communication took place during each interaction and (b) explore participants' perceptions of the huddles. We used a sociogram to diagram direct observations of the structure and patterns of group interaction. Through the sociogram, we documented the flow and frequency of team members information exchange, questions, and requests. We conducted two follow-up focus groups-one with residents and one with nurses. The most frequent type of interaction observed was information exchange: nurse to resident (28.3%) and resident to nurse (47%). Both residents and nurses asked questions: nurse to resident (7.4%) and resident to nurse (14.2%). Nurses made more requests of residents (2.8%) than vice versa (0.3%). Four themes emerged from focus group analysis, including the huddle promotes (1) a better-informed team, (2) relationship building, (3) communication process efficiencies, and (4) logistical challenges. Sociograms can serve as a novel tool to characterize what actually happens during information exchange at the point of care and identify the nature of communication among team members. Daily huddles among team members involved in the frontline of patient care provides an opportunity to share information, requests, and questions and update shared mental models to meet team objectives.