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Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are critical antioxidant enzymes that protect organisms from reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by adverse conditions, and have been widely found in the cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important economic crop and is cultivated worldwide. However, abiotic and biotic stresses severely hinder growth and development of the plant, which affects the production and quality of the crop. To reveal the potential roles of SOD genes under various stresses, we performed a systematic analysis of the tomato SOD gene family and analyzed the expression patterns of SlSOD genes in response to abiotic stresses at the whole-genome level. The characteristics of the SlSOD gene family were determined by analyzing gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns. We determined that there are at least nine SOD genes in tomato, including four Cu/ZnSODs, three FeSODs, and one MnSOD, and they are unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses of SOD genes from tomato and other plant species were separated into two groups with a high bootstrap value, indicating that these SOD genes were present before the monocot-dicot split. Additionally, many cis-elements that respond to different stresses were found in the promoters of nine SlSOD genes. Gene expression analysis based on RNA-seq data showed that most genes were expressed in all tested tissues, with the exception of SlSOD6 and SlSOD8, which were only expressed in young fruits. Microarray data analysis showed that most members of the SlSOD gene family were altered under salt- and drought-stress conditions. This genome-wide analysis of SlSOD genes helps to clarify the function of SlSOD genes under different stress conditions and provides information to aid in further understanding the evolutionary relationships of SOD genes in plants.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme in the plant antioxidant system. It plays an essential role in plant adversity stress by scavenging excess reactive oxygen species to protect cells from oxidative damage. Isatis indigotica, being a mildly saline-tolerant plant, can be grown in soils containing a certain amount of saline–alkaline content. In order to reveal the SOD gene family members and their potential roles under saline and alkaline stress, the present study used a bioinformatics approach to identify 9 potential IiSOD genes in the I. indigotica genome. It analyzed the expression patterns of SOD family genes (IiSODs) in response to alkaline stress. According to the results of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), the expression levels of the IiSOD7 gene significantly increased within 120 h of alkaline stress treatment, while the expression level of the IiSOD8 gene was the highest among all detected genes at 120 h of alkaline stress. The rest of the genes showed different degrees of expression. Alkaline stress showed significant and dynamic changes in the content of indigo and indirubin in leaves of I. indigotica. Finally, the yeast one-hybrid assay confirmed that IiWRKY54 was able to activate the expression of IiSOD2 and IiSOD7. Combined with qRT-PCR analysis, it was further hypothesized that IiWRKY54 might enhance the alkaline tolerance of I. indigotica by regulating the expression of IiSOD2 and IiSOD7. Taken together, this study lays the foundation for elucidating the function of the IiSOD gene in salinity stress tolerance of I. indigotica as well as promoting the genetic breeding of alkaline-tolerant varieties of I. indigotica.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays a vital role in the removal of active oxygen in plant. In this study, bioinformatics research and expression analysis of SOD gene family under drought and salt stress has been done in barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Hv). Seven SOD genes were identified, including four Cu/Zn-SODs, two Fe-SODs and one Mn-SOD. Those three kinds of SOD genes were distributed in 2, 4 and 7 chromosomes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SODs of barley, rice and Arabidopsis thaliana can be divided into three subfamilies (A–C). Motif analysis founded six conservative motifs. Most SOD genes had relatively conservative intron/exon and motif composition, but the number of intron/exons varied greatly among different genes. Based on RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis of expression changes of barley SOD family gene under stress, HvCSD1, HvCSD4 and HvFSD1 were more valuable for in-depth research due to their significant changes in their expression after stress treatment. These outcomes help to lay the foundation for studying the gene function of barley SOD family and provide the improvement of drought and salt tolerance barley genetic breeding.

Saline stress severely affects the growth and productivity of plants. The activation of hormonal signaling cascades and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to salt stress are important for cellular detoxification. Jasmonic acid (JA) and the enzyme SOD (superoxide dismutase), are well recognized markers of salt stress in plants. In this study, the application of chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels (Cs-PVA) and copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on the growth and expression of defense genes in tomato plants under salt stress was evaluated. Our results demonstrate that Cs-PVA and Cs-PVA + Cu NPs enhance plant growth and also promote the expression of JA and SOD genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), under salt stress. We propose that Cs-PVA and Cs-PVA + Cu NPs mitigate saline stress through the regulation of oxidative and ionic stress.

The 636-bp-long cDNA sequence of OsCu/Zn-SOD (AK059841) was cloned from Oryza sativa var. Longjing11 via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The encoded protein comprised of 211 amino acids is highly homologous to Cu/Zn-SOD proteins from tuscacera rice and millet. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that in rice, the level of OsCu/Zn-SOD gene expression was lowest in roots and was highest in petals and during the S5 leaf stage. Moreover, the expression level of OsCu/Zn-SOD gene expression decreased during the L5 leaf stage to maturity. The level of OsCu/Zn-SOD gene expression, however, was increased under saline-sodic stress and NaHCO3 stress. Germination tests under 125, 150, and 175 mM NaCl revealed that OsCu/Zn-SOD-overexpressing lines performed better than the non-transgenic (NT) Longjing11 lines in terms of germination rate and height. Subjecting seedlings to NaHCO3 and water stress revealed that OsCu/Zn-SOD-overexpressing lines performed better than NT in terms of SOD activity, fresh weight, root length, and height. Under simulated NaHCO3 stress, OsCu/Zn-SOD-overexpressing lines performed better than NT in terms of survival rate (25.19% > 6.67%) and yield traits (average grain weight 20.6 > 18.15 g). This study showed that OsCu/Zn-SOD gene overexpression increases the detoxification capacity of reactive oxygen species in O. sativa and reduces salt-induced oxidative damage. We also revealed the regulatory mechanism of OsCu/Zn-SOD enzyme in saline-sodic stress resistance in O. sativa. Moreover, we provided an experimental foundation for studying the mechanism of OsCu/Zn-SOD enzymes in the chloroplast.

has high economic and nutritional value, but at the molecular level, there are few studies on salt-alkali stress of , and no one has reported the response mechanism of the oxidation system of under abiotic stress. In this research, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis showed that had a wide range of metabolic activities under alkali stress, and antioxidant enzymes played an important role in response to alkali stress. and , which are likely to respond to alkali stress, were screened based on transcriptomic data and phylogenetic relationship, and their direct regulation on downstream and genes were verified by yeast single hybridization experiment. Combined with heat map and qPCR analysis, and may regulate the up-regulation of and gene expression under alkali treatment, and further affect the antioxidant capacity of plants in response to alkali stress. The analysis of gene family showed that 9 were identified from , which were the closest relatives to . There are a certain number of cis-acting elements in the promoter region for hormone and abiotic stress, and there is no tandem replication between genes, but only one fragment replication. Fragment repetition may be the main driving force for the evolution of gene family in , and the results of interspecific collinearity analysis indicate that and are most closely related. In this study, the mechanism of alkali resistance of was discussed, which provided reference for exploring the mechanism of alkali resistance of rosaceae, in order to provide scientific theoretical basis for expanding the cultivation range and development and utilization of .

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to oxidative stress are a risk factor for the development of diabetes and its complications. The allele and genotype frequencies of missense polymorphism Ala-9Val and Val16Ala in Mn-SOD and Arg213Gly in EC-SOD genes were studied in (a) patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without any complication (T2DM), (b) diabetic nephropathy (DN), (c) non-diabetic nephropathy (NDN) and (d) control healthy subjects from Western region of India. The PCR products were digested with Bsh TI, Bsa WI and Eco 52I restriction enzymes to detect Ala-9Val, Val16Ala and Arg213Gly polymorphisms respectively. The frequency of Val allele of Ala-9Val ( P  = 0.568 and P  = 0.571) and Ala allele of Val16Ala ( P  = 0.993 and P  = 0.152) polymorphisms of Mn-SOD gene did not show a significant difference in patient with T2DM and NDN compared to control subjects respectively. Frequency of Val allele of Ala-9Val (42.8 % vs. 61.5 %, P  < 0.001) and Ala allele of Val16Ala (39.0 % vs. 53.5 %, P  = 0.005) polymorphisms of Mn-SOD gene was significantly higher in patients with DN than that of patient with T2DM. For Arg213Gly polymorphism of EC-SOD gene, the Gly allele frequency in T2DM and NDN group did not significantly ( P  = 0.993 and P  = 0.152 respectively) differ from control subjects as well as non-significantly higher in DN compared to T2DM. These results suggests that Ala-9Val and Val16Ala polymorphism in Mn-SOD is not involved in development of diabetes but may play a crucial role in determining genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Western Indian Type 2 diabetic patients. Our data found a lack of association of EC-SOD (Arg213Gly) polymorphism with development of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.

Background Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an essential enzyme of the plant antioxidant system that responds to oxidative stresses caused by adverse conditions. Banana is an important staple and economic crop in tropical and subtropical regions. However, its growth and yield are constantly affected by various abiotic stresses. To analyze the roles of distinct SOD genes under various stresses, a detailed characterization and analysis of the SOD gene family in Cavendish banana is indispensable. Methods The presence and structure of the SOD family genes were experimentally verified using 5′/3′ RACE-PCR, reverse transcription PCR and PCR. Then, their syntenic relationships, conserved motifs and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using software. Cis-elements present in the promoters were predicted via PlantCARE. And the expression levels under abiotic and hormonal stresses were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In total, 25 ‘Tianbaojiao’ SOD cDNAs ( MaSODs ), which encoded six Cu/ZnSODs, four MnSODs and two FeSODs, were cloned. The 12 MaSOD genes were divided into four groups based on their conserved motifs, which corroborated their classifications based on gene-structure patterns and subcellular localizations. Eleven MaSOD promoters were isolated and found to contain many cis -acting elements involved in stress responses. Gene expression analysis showed that 11 out of the 12 MaSOD s were expressed in all tested tissues (leaf, pseudostem and root), whereas MaCSD2B was expressed only in leaves and roots. Specific MaSOD members exhibited different expression patterns under abiotic and hormonal treatments. Among the 12 MaSOD genes, MaCSD1D was the only one that responded to all eight treatments, suggesting that this gene plays a predominant role in reactive oxygen species scavenging caused by various stresses in banana. Conclusions A genome-wide analysis showed that the ‘Tianbaojiao’ banana harbored an expanded SOD gene family. Whole genome duplication, segmental duplication and complex transcriptional regulation contributed to the gene expansion and mRNA diversity of the MaSODs . The expression patterns of distinct MaSOD genes showed that they are important responses to different abiotic and hormonal stresses in banana.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is widely present in plants and plays a crucial role in defending against oxidative stress and preventing tissue damage. This study discovered that the PagSOD2a gene in 84K poplar ( Populus alba × P. glandulosa ) exhibits a distinct capacity to be induced in response to salt stress. To delve into the pivotal role of PagSOD2a in conferring salt tolerance, the entire PagSOD2a fragment was successfully cloned from 84K poplar and the potential function of PagSOD2a was explored using bioinformatics and subcellular localization. PagSOD2a was found to encode a CuZn-SOD protein localized in chloroplasts. Furthermore, six CuZn-SOD family members were identified in poplar, with closely related members displaying similar gene structures, indicating evolutionary conservation. Morphological and physiological indexes of transgenic 84K poplar overexpressing PagSOD2a (OE) were compared with non-transgenic wild-type (WT) plants under salt stress. The OE lines (OE1 and OE3) showed improved growth performance, characterized by increased plant height and fresh weight, along with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage rate under salt stress. Meanwhile, overexpression of PagSOD2a significantly augmented CuZn-SOD and total SOD enzyme activities, leading to a reduction in superoxide anion accumulation and an enhancement of salt tolerance. Additionally, co-expression and multilayered hierarchical gene regulatory network (ML-hGRN) mediated by PagSOD2a constructed using transcriptome data revealed that PagSOD2a gene may be directly regulated by SPL13 , NGA1b and FRS5 , as well as indirectly regulated by MYB102 and WRKY6 , in response to salt stress. These findings provide a theoretical and material foundation for further elucidating the function of PagSOD2a under salt stress and for developing salt-tolerant poplar varieties.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects plants from abiotic stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. Here, the effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on ROS accumulation and SOD isozymes, as well as the identification of significant SOD isozyme genes, were investigated under different Cd stress treatments to Zhe-Maidong ( Ophiopogon japonicus ). The exposure to Cd stress resulted in a notable elevation in the SOD activity in roots. Cu/ZnSODa and Cu/ZnSODb were the most critical SOD isozymes in response to Cd stress, as indicated by the detection results for SOD isozymes. A total of 22 OjSOD genes were identified and classified into three subgroups, including 10 OjCu/ZnSODs , 6 OjMnSODs , and 6 OjFeSODs , based on the analysis of conserved motif and phylogenetic tree. Cu/ZnSOD-15 , Cu/ZnSOD-18 , Cu/ZnSOD-20 , and Cu/ZnSOD-22 were the main genes that control the increase in SOD activity under Cd stress, as revealed via quantitative PCR and transcriptome analysis. Additionally, under various heavy metal stress (Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mn 2+ ), Cu/ZnSOD-15 , Cu/ZnSOD-18 , and Cu/ZnSOD-22 gene expression were significantly upregulated, indicating that these three genes play a critical part in resisting heavy metal stress. The molecular docking experiments performed on the interaction between oxygen ion (O 2 •− ) and OjSOD protein have revealed that the critical amino acid residues involved in the binding of Cu/ZnSOD-22 to the substrate were Pro135, Ile136, Ile140, and Arg144. Our findings provide a solid foundation for additional functional investigations on the OjSOD genes, as well as suggestions for improving genetic breeding and agricultural management strategies to increase Cd resistance in O. japonicus .