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This study aimed to investigate the impact of the combination of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) and its application after ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in root canal irrigation procedures on the microhardness and mineral content of dentin. Distal roots of mandibular third molars were embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin, sectioned coronally to apically resulting in fifty-four root sections. Thirty sections underwent microhardness evaluation, and twenty-four sections were randomly chosen for mineral analysis. The microhardness assessment comprised three groups: Group 1 (2.5% NaOCl), Group 2 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC), and Group 3 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084 BAC post-17% EDTA). Initial and post-irrigation microhardness values were measured for each group. For mineral analysis, samples were categorized into four groups: distilled water, 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC, and 17% EDTA+2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy immediately measured magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium mineral contents on dentin surfaces post-irrigation. Results indicated a significant reduction in root dentin microhardness for all solutions (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference in the percentage of reduction was observed among the groups (p>0.05). XPS analysis revealed no significant disparity in dentin surface mineral content among the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the addition of Benzalkonium chloride to sodium hypochloride, either alone or after EDTA, did not induce a significant alteration in dentin microhardness or mineral content. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of dental irrigation protocols and their effects on dentin properties during endodontic procedures.

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been advocated as a potential treatment alternative to the established methods for root canal disinfection. As healing of periapical tissue is important in this context, the associated risk of host tissue damage was to be evaluated. Following in vitro cell culture experiments (HeLa cells), root canal treatment was performed in an animal trial comparing BDD electrode application and the currently used rinsing media with respect to cell viability and host tissue damage. Statistical analyses comparing the size of radiolucency were based on Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi’s All Pairs tests (α = 0.05). The direct application of BDD electrodes had a time-dependent effect on cell viability comparable to H2O2, NaOCl, and CHX application. In contrast to the chemical treatment, the effect of BDD electrodes was transient. Conventionally treated teeth and teeth additionally treated with BDD electrodes did not significantly differ from each other with respect to the size of the periapical radiolucency as observed radiographically (vertical p = 0.998 and horizontal p = 0.878) and histologically (vertical p = 0.940 and horizontal p = 0.862). While showing greater disinfection efficiency, the application of BDD electrodes for the electrochemical disinfection of root canals does not have a greater risk of host tissue damage compared to the conventional treatment.

Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS) is a variant of irritant-induced asthma that develops in subjects without prior bronchoobstructive disease, following high-level exposure to nonimmunogenic irritants. Recommended maintenance treatment for RADS is not different from asthma. But in some cases, severe symptoms may persist despite the bronchodilators and corticosteroids.We describe the first case of a patient with RADS, unresponsive to all medical agents, who was successfully treated with lidocaine.

The behavior of several pesticides in aqueous solution, namely bifenthrin, amethrin (pyrethroid insecticides), endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate (organochlorine pesticides), disulfoton, methyl pyrimiphos, and phorate (organophosphorus pesticides), submitted to the conditions typically employed in water treatment stations was investigated. Continuous pesticide depletion was monitored by solid-phase microextraction sampling followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The influence of major parameters (sodium hypochloride concentration, solution pH, and exposure time to ultraviolet (UV) light) was, thus, adequately established via two complementary approaches: factorial (2³, three variables—two levels) and Doehlert designs. Hence, the sodium hypochloride concentration and the solution pH produced distinct effects depending on the pesticide evaluated (for instance, acidic and basic media caused increasing rates of degradation for the organophosphorus/pyrethroid and organochlorine pesticides, respectively). Conversely, higher rates of degradation were achieved for all of the pesticides investigated when increased exposure times to UV radiation were employed. Finally, the exposure time to UV radiation that lead to complete degradation of disulfoton and endosulfan sulfate (organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, respectively) in aqueous media under ordinary conditions employed in water treatment stations was established; disulfoton and endosulfan sulfate were completely degraded after 10 and 40 h, respectively.

Lamiaceae familyası içerisinde en büyük cins olan Salvia türleri dünyada geniş bir alana yayılmış olup 900 kadar adaçayı türü bulunmaktadır.  Salvia cinsine ait tohumlarda dormansi söz konusudur ve tohum kabuğundaki müsilaj maddesi çimlenmeyi engelleyici önemli bir faktördür. Bu çalışma, Salvia verticillata’nın tohumlarındaki dormansinin kırılması üzerine farklı uygulamaların etkisini belirlemek amacıyla tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada denemeler 14 saat 26 0C ve 10 saat 16 0C olarak tamamen aydınlık, karanlık ve 14 saat aydınlık ve 10 saat karanlık olacak şekilde kurulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda en yüksek tohum çimlenmesi %74 ile 2000 ppm giberellik asitin (GA3) 26/16 0C tamamen karanlık uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. S. verticillata tohumları %96’lık etanolde 30 dakika tutulduktan sonra 14 saat aydınlık ve 10 saat karanlık ortam, %96’lık etanolde 120 dakika tutulduktan sonra aydınlık, karanlık ve 14 saat aydınlık ve 10 saat karanlık ortam, hidroklorik asitte 60 dakika tutulduktan sonra 14 saat aydınlık ve 10 saat karanlık uygulamaları ile %15'lik sodyum hipokloritte 10 dakika tutulduktan sonra aydınlık uygulamasında çimlenme olmamıştır. Bu sonuçlar ışığında giberellik asit uygulamalarının adaçayı tohumlarındaki dormansinin kırılmasında etkili olup çimlenme oranını arttırdığı ve yeni fide elde etmede önemli olacağı anlaşılmıştır. Salvia species, the largest genus in the Lamiaceae family, are spread over a large area, with about 900 species in the world. There is dormancy in seeds of Salvia genus and having mucilage-like seed-coats is an inhibiting factor for germination. This study was conducted with 4 replications as a randomized plot design in order to determine the effect of different applications on the breakage of dormancy in the seeds of Salvia verticillata L. Experiments were set up at 26/16 ℃, completely light, completely dark and 14 hours in light and 10 hours in dark conditions. As a result of the study, the highest seed germination was obtained from 74% to 2000 ppm of giberic acid completely dark application at 26/16 0C. There was no germination of seeds in 96% ethanol at 30 minutes in light/dark, 96% ethanol at 120 minutes in light, dark and light/dark, hydrochloric acid at 60 minutes in light/dark and 15% sodium hypochlorite at 10 minutes light. In the light of these results, it was concluded that giberalic acid applications would be important to increase the germination rate of sage seeds and obtain new seedlings.

Nekrotik pulpalı olgunlaşmamış daimî dişlerde geleneksel tek/çok seanslı apeksifikasyon prosedürlerine alternatif olarak, günümüzde rejeneratif endodontik tedaviler önerilmektedir. Şimdiki olgu sunumunda, 2 farklı olguya uygulanan rejeneratif endodontik tedavinin sonuçları sunulmuştur. Her 2 olguda sınırlı mekanik enstrümantasyon, bol irrigasyon ve kalsiyum hidroksit ile kanal içi dezenfeksiyon yapıldı. Final randevuda, kök kanalları %1,5 sodyum hipoklorit ve %17 etilendiamintetraasetik asit solüsyonu ile yıkandıktan sonra kanal içine doğru kanama indüklendi. Kanalın koronal 1/3 seviyesine kadar ulaşan kan pıhtısının üzerine Biodentine yerleştirildi. Cam iyonomer siman ve rezin kompozitle giriş kaviteleri restore edildi. Bir olguda 30, digerinde 36 ayl ̆ ık takipler sonunda her 2 dişin periapikal lezyonlarının iyileştiği, kanal duvar kalınlıklarının arttığı ve apekslerinin kapandığı gözlendi. Rejeneratif endodontik tedavi, genç daimî dişlerin apeksinin kapanmasında ve kanal duvarlarının kalınlaşmasında apeksifikasyona iyi bir alternatif gibi gözükmektedir.