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"Soils, Salts in Azerbaijan."
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Spatial distribution of salinity and heavy metals in surface soils on the Mugan Plain, the Republic of Azerbaijan
The Republic of Azerbaijan suffers from low agricultural productivity caused by soil salinization and erosion, and limited and insufficient soil data are available for economic and political reasons. In this study, soil salinity and heavy metal levels were assessed. Environmental risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential risk posed by soils to human health. Soil guideline values were proposed to monitor soil pollution in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Water extraction and spatial variability analysis were conducted to understand soil salinization and heavy metal pollution. Among the 20 studied elements, the elements Ca, Cl, and S and the heavy metals Cr, Ni, and Pb were classified as problematic on the basis of the geoaccumulation index, and As was also identified as posing a possible risk on the basis of the potential ecological risk index. Based on the developed soil guideline values for agricultural soil, the As, Cr, and Ni in the soil samples exceeded their respective guidelines by 31.3, 41.8, and 61.6%, respectively. Water extraction results confirmed that 99% of the leached ions were cationic salts, and the most problematic ion was Na, followed by Ca, Cl, and S. The extractability values of Cr and Ni were significantly lower than those of other heavy metals, which implies that their actual leaching potential may be overestimated. The linear regression and spatial variability analysis confirmed that leachable salts have accumulated in lowland areas due to the capillary rise of water and evaporation, but the distribution of heavy metals confirmed that As, Cr, and Ni were abundant in agricultural soils. Our results clearly showed that heavy metal soil contamination and high salinity levels are major problems that should be considered when assessing food safety and health hazards in the Mugan Plain of Azerbaijan. Therefore, future studies should be performed for additional environmental risk assessment, detailed hazard identification, and health risk assessment.
Journal Article
Hydrogeochemical characteristics of fresh waters in the springs of salt dome territories of the Cis-Urals region
The article presents the results of a study on the geochemistry of fresh water from natural sources (springs) in the salt dome territories of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin. Spring waters are understudied; they are not classified according to their chemical composition and purpose. The research area is the territory of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin in Orenburg Region with salt-gypsum tectonics. There are numerous springs with fresh water suitable for household and drinking purposes there. Springs with mineralization from 156 to 806 mg/dm 3 of mixed composition, sulfate-chloride, sulfate-bicarbonate, bicarbonate and calcium and magnesium-calcium, sodium-magnesium-calcium are related to gypsum fields and salt dome structures. The total hardness varies from 3.5 to 10.27 mg/eq/l from moderately hard to extremely hard. The conclusion on the quantitative and qualitative assessment of spring waters should be made by prospecting and exploration activities with experimental filtration activities and assessment of reserves.
Journal Article
Main types of soil degradation in the Kura-Aras Lowland of Azerbaijan
The main types of soil degradation in the Kura-Aras Lowland are irrigation-induced erosion, natural water and wind erosion, and salinization. Among 2098.8 thousand ha of agricultural land in the lowland, the areas of lands subjected to erosion and salinization reach 333.6 and 373.4 thousand ha, respectively. The dependence of irrigation-induced erosion on the soil type (sierozems, meadow sierozems, and gray-cinnamonic soils), the inclination of the irrigation furrows, the irrigation water salinity (0.15–0.95 g/L), and the water discharge (0.8–1.4 L/s) was studied. It was found that soil erosion and salinization result in changes in the soil bulk density and porosity and in a decreasing content of humus and nutrients. Certain changes take place in the soil texture. The land areas subjected to rainstorm erosion of strong, moderate, and low degrees are estimated at 57.7, 24.4, and 15.3 thousand ha, respectively. Measures to control soil erosion and salinization are discussed.
Journal Article
Diagnostic Parameters of Irrigated Meadow-Serozemic and Alluvial- Meadow Soils of the Mugan-Sal’yany Massif of Azerbaijan
Data on irrigated saline soils of the Mugan-Sal’yany Massif (Azerbaijan) and factors of its salinization are given. The studies enabled the revealing of diagnostic parameters of irrigated meadow-serozemic and alluvial-meadow soils of the massif. The structure of its profile is AYa'ca z–AYа\"ca z–Bca z s m–BCca cs–Cs ca and AUa'z–AYa\"z–Bca g–BCg–Cs ca, respectively. It has been revealed that the areas with unsatisfactory status of drainage and irrigation networks are characterized by a rise in groundwater level and mineralization and in salt content in soil as well as by poorer water-physical and chemical soil properties. The operation of the existing drainage system and the regular water drain into a collecting system should be organized in order to improve water-physical soil properties. In the areas where drainage systems cannot be repaired, temporary drains (0.8–1.0 m deep) at a distance of 25–50 m from one another and temporary collecting reservoirs (1.0–1.5 m deep) are recommended. It is necessary to provide discharge of irrigation water into constant drains. Taking into consideration the increase in salt content in the entire area, furrowing, sprinkling, and other irrigation methods are useful.
Journal Article
Ecological evaluation of rangeland quality in dry subtropics of Azerbaijan
The results of ecological evaluation of soil-landscape complexes of winter rangelands of Gobustan with the use of energy criteria are discussed. The diagnostic characteristics of soil fertility and correction coefficients for the thickness of texture of soil horizons, soil salinization, soil erosion, and microelemental composition of soils have been used to separate the soils of winter rangelands into several quality groups. A larger part of the soils belongs to the medium quality group with the mean weighted quality factor (bonitet) of 52. Special assessment scales have been suggested for the differential ecological assessment and monitoring of the rangelands. In the past 40 years, the area of steppe landscapes has decreased from 22.7 to 12%, whereas the area of semideserts has increased up to 64%. The area of best-quality soils within the studied rangelands had decreased by three times, and their average quality factor has decreased from 92 to 86.
Journal Article
Efficiency of leaching of saline soils with the use of different chemical ameliorants in the Kura-Araks lowland
Investigation data on the use of chemical substances (ameliorants) for enhancing salt leaching from clay soils are given. The experiments were set in the Shirvansk Steppe, in the Republic of Azerbaijan. For soil leaching, a combination of iron sulfate and 1% solution of sulfuric and 0.5% solution of hydrochloric waste acids was used. It has been revealed that the chemical substances applied to the soil resulted in neutralization of toxic salts in soil and in formation of new salts, which differed in toxicity and solubility. The amount of the used water and the duration of the procedure also became smaller.
Journal Article
Water–salt balance of irrigated soils in the Mugan–Salyan massif of Azerbaijan
The water—salt balance in irrigated soils of the Mugan—Salyan massif has been determined from balance observations. Studies have been performed on typical local soils with different degrees of salinity under cotton and cereal plantations. The content of salts is 0.297–0.458% at the sites where the groundwater table occurs below the critical depth (
h
= 1.75–2.0 m), and 1.00—2.5% and higher in the areas with the shallow groundwater table; the amount of salts removed from the area by drainage is 13.43–16.82 t/ha, or 7.30–10.36% of the balance. The water—salt balance is of special value for the determination of irrigation rates and terms. From the obtained results, a system of measures for improving the land reclamation state has been developed and proposed for farmer economies.
Journal Article