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Concentrating solar power and desalination plants : engineering and economics of coupling multi-effect distillation and solar plants
¨ The first available thermo-economic analyses of Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination (CSP+D) Plants, using real figures from operating plants ¨ Includes all the equations used in the modeling of each component, creating an invaluable template for implementing similar models ¨ Demonstrates modeling and validation of a Multi-effect Distillation (MED) Plant with increased energy recovery and enhanced thermal efficiency ¨ Extended parametric analysis helps readers decide when integrating a Thermal Desalination Plant will yield better results than connecting a Reverse Osmosis Plant. This ground-breaking book demonstrates how two key concerns in many communities across the globe- power and water- can be simultaneously addressed through the coupling of Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination (CSP+D) plants. The book provides a detailed evaluation of the integration of Multi-effect Distillation Plants into CSP plants based on Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors (PT-CSP+MED), as compared to independent water and power production through Reverse Osmosis unit connection to a CSP plant (CSP+RO). Through this compare and contrast method of analysis, the author establish guidelines to assist in identifying cases wherein PT-CSP+MED systems provide superior economic and thermodynamic benefits. The text describes the efficiencies and challenges of PT-CSP power generation in four different desalination plant scenarios, including detailed comparative thermodynamic efficiency analyses of several currently operating CSP+D systems. These findings are then placed in practical context through a complete thermo-economic analysis of two diverse potential sites, ascertaining the most viable CSP+D system in each region, as informed by actual operating conditions, meteorological data and real cost figures for each location.
Book
Concentrating Solar Power Technology
Concentrating solar power (CSP) technology is poised to take its place as one of the major contributors to the future clean energy mix.Using straightforward manufacturing processes, CSP technology capitalises on conventional power generation cycles, whilst cost effectively matching supply and demand though the integration of thermal energy.
eBook
Exciton recycling via InP quantum dot funnels for luminescent solar concentrators
Luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) absorb large-area solar radiation and guide down-converted emission to solar cells for electricity production. Quantum dots (QDs) have been widely engineered at device and quantum dot levels for LSCs. Here, we demonstrate cascaded energy transfer and exciton recycling at nanoassembly level for LSCs. The graded structure composed of different sized toxic-heavy-metal-free InP/ZnS core/shell QDs incorporated on copper doped InP QDs, facilitating exciton routing toward narrow band gap QDs at a high nonradiative energy transfer efficiency of 66%. At the final stage of non-radiative energy transfer, the photogenerated holes make ultrafast electronic transitions to copper-induced mid-gap states for radiative recombination in the near-infrared. The exciton recycling facilitates a photoluminescence quantum yield increase of 34% and 61% in comparison with semi-graded and ungraded energy profiles, respectively. Thanks to the suppressed reabsorption and enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield, the graded LSC achieved an optical quantum efficiency of 22.2%. Hence, engineering at nanoassembly level combined with nonradiative energy transfer and exciton funneling offer promise for efficient solar energy harvesting.
Journal Article
Handbook of Concentrator Photovoltaic Technology
Concentrator Photovoltaics (CPV) is one of the most promising technologies to produce solar electricity at competitive prices. High performing CPV systems with efficiencies well over 30% and multi-megawatt CPV plants are now a reality. As a result of these achievements, the global CPV market is expected to grow dramatically over the next few years reaching cumulative installed capacity of 12.5 GW by 2020. In this context, both new and consolidated players are moving fast to gain a strategic advantage in this emerging market. Written with clear, brief and self-contained technical explanations, this book provides a complete overview of CPV covering: the fundamentals of solar radiation, solar cells, concentrator optics, modules and trackers; all aspects of characterization and reliability; case studies based on the description of actual systems and plants in the field; environmental impact, market potential and cost analysis.
eBook
A New Approach to Designing Multi-Element Planar Solar Concentrators: Geometry Optimization for High Angular Selectivity and Efficient Solar Energy Collection
This paper introduces a novel approach to the design of multi-element planar solar concentrators, aimed at optimizing solar energy harvesting systems. The proposed methodology is based on the integration of identical unit cells, strategically arranged to enhance solar radiation capture efficiency and achieve high angular selectivity. Mathematical modeling of the operational principles of the unit cells forms the foundation for determining production parameters and streamlining the concentrator assembly process. Particular emphasis is placed on analyzing key performance metrics, such as solar radiation concentration and optical efficiency, thereby advancing the understanding of the relationship between design parameters and energy output. The study employs MATLAB R2022b and ZemaxOpticStudio 13 software to model the solar concentrator, identifying the optimal cell configuration to achieve a geometric concentration ratio of 3.45, with angular selectivity ranging from 23° to 90°. This research contributes significantly to the field of solar concentrator technology, offering a pathway for more efficient utilization of renewable energy sources and improved adaptability to diverse operating conditions.
Journal Article
Solar Concentrator Bio-Inspired by the Superposition Compound Eye for High-Concentration Photovoltaic System up to Thousands Fold Factor
We have proposed a fruitful design principle targeting a concentration ratio (CR) >1000× for a typical high concentrating photovoltaics (HCPV) system, on account of a two-concentrator system + homogenizer. The principle of a primary dual-lens concentrator unit, completely analogous basic optics seen in the superposition compound eyes, is a trend not hitherto reported for solar concentrators to our knowledge. Such a concentrator unit, consisting of two aspherical lenses, can be applied to minify the sunlight and reveal useful effects. We underline that, at this stage, the CR can be attained by two orders of magnitude simply by varying the radius ratio of such two lenses known from the optics side. The output beam is spatially minimized and nearly parallel, exactly as occurs in the superposition compound eye. In our scheme, thanks to such an array of dual-lens design, a sequence of equidistant focal points is formed. The secondary concentrator consists of a multi-reflective channel, which can collect all concentrated beams from the primary concentrator to a small area where a solar cell is placed. The secondary concentrator is located right underneath the primary concentrator. The optical characteristics are substantiated by optical simulations that confirm the applicability of thousands-fold gain in CR value, ~1100×. This, however, also reduced the uniformity of the illumination area. To regain the uniformity, we devise a fully new homogenizer, hinging on the scattering principle. A calculated optical efficiency for the entire system is ~75%. Experimentally, a prototype of such a dual-lens concentrator is implemented to evaluate the converging features. As a final note, we mention that the approach may be extended to implement an even higher CR, be it simply by taking an extra concentrator unit. With simple design of the concentrator part, which may allow the fabrication process by modeling method and large acceptant angle (0.6°), we assess its large potential as part of a general strategy to implement a highly efficient CPV system, with minimal critical elaboration steps and large flexibility.
Journal Article
A Novel W-Trough Concentrator Optimizing the Acceptance Angle and Cell Illumination Uniformity
AbstractIn this work a novel compound W-trough based solar concentrator for photovoltaic applications is proposed. The proposed concentrator consists of flat reflectors that are easy to fabricate. The concentrator has a 3D configuration that offers superior effective concentration ratio compared to conventional 2D configuration. The concentrator features large acceptance angles in the x-direction, which promote its application in tracking free concentrators. The proposed design allows fine-tuning for acceptance angle based on the concentrator opening angle (i.e. trough angle). Finally, tuning the compound concentrator face angles is shown to be effective in improving the effective concentration ratio by about 21% and the illumination uniformity by about 49%.
Journal Article
Effects Of Reflectance And Shading On Parabolic Dish Photovoltaic Solar Concentrator Performance
Photovoltaic concentrating systems have recently become one of the topics of interest to researchers around the world due to the high cost of semiconductors used in the manufacture of solar cells, as well as the wide area of traditional photovoltaic panels. The target can be met by compensating for the vast areas of solar cells with smaller cell areas made of reflective or refractive materials that concentrate higher intensity solar radiation to reach a higher outward power. In this research a parabolic dish solar photovoltaic concentrator is studied theoretically. The concentration ratio at the reflecting concentrator has been studied as a function of reflectance and shading losses under five different rim angles ( 45°, 55°, 65°,75° and 85°) using equations simulated in the MATLAB software. Following that, the total absorbed solar radiation and output power provided by CPV with multi-junction solar cells. the results indicated that the concentration ratio increase linearly with reflectance, while it increases as the rim angle decrease. The best value of concentration ratio is about 172 for rim angle 45° and reflectance 95%.
Journal Article
Study of the Performance Characteristics of a Solar Concentrator for Production of Thermal Energy
This paper presents studies of the optical-energy characteristics of a parabolic solar collector for production of thermal energy for heating a building. The results of calculations, three-dimensional and topological distribution of energy in the focal zone of a solar concentrator with a diameter of 6.36 m installed at the Institute of Materials Science, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented. A mathematical model of the thermal regime of a solar concentrator is proposed, calculations are carried out to determine the operating temperature and the efficiency of the receiver. For efficient conversion of concentrated solar radiation, a receiver was developed from a solid copper pipe with a diameter of 12 mm in the form of a single cylindrical spiral. The outlet diameter of such a receiver was
D
= 200 mm. To reduce the loss from the outside, the receiver is covered with asbestos material and cement with a thickness of 20 mm. The degree of geometric concentration of the solar concentrator is 2126; the power is 18.03 kW at 800 W/m
2
of solar radiation. Calculations show that the average daily thermal efficiency of the concentrator across the seasons of the year remains high (over 25%), and the system can also be operated for heating buildings.
Journal Article
Theoretical comparison of cylindrical and square-planar luminescent solar concentrators
The optical concentration of a cylindrical luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is compared to that of the more conventional square-planar LSC. It is found that when luminescence occurs close to the surface the optical concentration of a cylindrical LSC is 1.0–1.9 times higher than that of a square-planar LSC of equivalent collection area and volume, depending on the absorption coefficient of the host material. An additional increase in optical concentration of at least ∼4.5% can be attained by aligning cylinders side by side to take advantage of multiple reflections between neighbouring cylinders; it is shown that this multi-cylindrical LSC reflects less incident light than a planar LSC for any angle of incidence.
Journal Article